High Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Electrochemistry‐Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/EC/ESI‐MS) for Detection and Characterization of Roscovitine Oxidation Products

On‐line LC‐EC/ESI‐MS has been established as a fast and simple method to mimic some types of oxidation reaction of various drugs and to study the formation and structure of the resulting products. This technique has been applied to a 2,6,9‐trisubstituted purine, R‐roscovitine, which is known to be an inhibitor of some cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) and a potential anticancer drug. Oxidation of R‐roscovitine in an electrochemical cell (EC), operated under various conditions, resulted in appearance of 6 major products. These were further analyzed by high‐resolution mass spectrometry, their structures were elucidated by accurate mass measurement and compared to previously identified R‐roscovitine in vitro/in vivo metabolites. Although none of the observed products was structurally identical to those identified previously in vitro/in vivo, all of them, except for the methoxylated products, resembled similarity due to appearing through the same reaction type. R‐roscovitine in the EC cell underwent N‐dealkylation of the isopropyl moiety, hydroxylation of the aromatic side‐chain, dihydroxylation, methoxylation and dimer formation. The hydroxylation product was identified as Olomoucine II, a R‐roscovitine derivative, which displays 10‐times higher CDK‐inhibiting activity than R‐roscovitine and the occurrence of which, as R‐roscovitine product, has not yet been observed in vitro/in vivo.     

Molecular aspects of superconductivity: The role of the one-particle term at the gap formation

An exact solution for the electron-vibrational problem of the nonadiabatic molecular system has been obtained. By the quasi-particle transformation technique, the fermionic Hamiltonian has been derived and solved at the ab initio level. Results clearly and unambiguously show that the gap formation due to nonadiabatic electron–phonon coupling is mediated by the one-particle electron–phonon interaction term, whereas the two-particle one represents just a correction to the correlation energy. The temperature dependence of the gap and electronic specific heat connected with the electron–phonon coupling have also been derived.     

Asymmetric Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Medium‐Ring Carbocycles and Lactones through Modular Assembly and Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Sulfoximine‐Substituted Trienes and Dienynes

An asymmetric synthesis of densely functionalized 7–11‐membered carbocycles and 9–11‐membered lactones has been developed. Its key steps are a modular assembly of sulfoximine‐substituted C‐ and O‐tethered trienes and C‐tethered dienynes and their Ru‐catalyzed ring‐closing diene and enyne metathesis (RCDEM and RCEYM). The synthesis of the C‐tethered trienes and dienynes includes the following steps: 1) hydroxyalkylation of enantiomerically pure titanated allylic sulfoximines with unsaturated aldehydes, 2) α‐lithiation of alkenylsulfoximines, 3) alkylation, hydroxy‐alkylation, formylation, and acylation of α‐lithioalkenylsulfoximines, and 4) addition of Grignard reagents to α‐formyl(acyl)alkenylsulfoximines. The sulfoximine group provided for high asymmetric induction in steps 1) and 4). RCDEM of the sulfoximine‐substituted trienes with the second‐generation Ru catalyst stereoselectively afforded the corresponding functionalized 7–11‐membered carbocyles. RCDEM of diastereomeric silyloxy‐substituted 1,6,12‐trienes revealed an interesting difference in reactivity. While the (R)‐diastereomer gave the 11‐membered carbocyle, the (S)‐diastereomer delivered in a cascade of cross metathesis and RCDEM 22‐membered macrocycles. RCDEM of cyclic trienes furnished bicyclic carbocycles with a bicyclo[7.4.0]tridecane and bicyclo[9.4.0]pentadecane skeleton. Selective transformations of the sulfoximine‐ and bissilyloxy‐substituted carbocycles were performed including deprotection, cross‐coupling reaction and reduction of the sulfoximine moiety. Esterification of a sulfoximine‐substituted homoallylic alcohol with unsaturated carboxylic acids gave the O‐tethered trienes, RCDEM of which yielded the sulfoximine‐substituted 9–11‐membered lactones. RCEYM of a sulfoximine‐substituted 1,7‐dien‐10‐yne showed an unprecedented dichotomy in ring formation depending on the Ru catalyst. While the second‐generation Ru catalyst gave the 9‐membered exo 1,3‐dienyl carbocycle, the first‐generation Ru catalyst furnished a truncated 9‐membered 1,3‐dieny carbocycle having one CH₂ unit less than the dienyne.     

A systematic theoretical investigation of the valence excited states of the diatomic molecules B2, C2, N2 and O2

A quantitative survey on the performance of multireference (MR), configuration interaction with all singles and doubles (CISD), MRCISD with the Davidson correction and MR-average quadratic coupled cluster (AQCC) methods for a wide range of excited states of the diatomic molecules B₂, C₂, N₂ and O₂ is presented. The spectroscopic constants r _e, ω_e, T _e and D _e for a total of 60 states have been evaluated and critically compared with available experimental data. Basis set extrapolations and size-extensivity corrections are essential for highly accurate results: MR-AQCC mean-errors of 0.001 ?, 10 cm⁻¹, 300 cm⁻¹ and 300 cm⁻¹ have been obtained for r _e, ω_e, T _e and D _e, respectively. Owing to the very systematic behavior of the results depending on the basis set and the choice of method, shortcomings of the calculations, such as Rydberg state coupling or insufficient configuration spaces, can be identified independently of experimental data. On the other hand, significant discrepancies with experiment for states which indicate no shortcomings whatsoever in the theoretical treatment suggest the re-evaluation of experimental results. The broad variety of states included in our survey and the uniform quality of the results indicate that the observed systematics is a general feature of the methods and, hence, is molecule-independent. Received: 12 June 2000 / Accepted: 1 September 2000 / Published online: 21 December 2000     

Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in a Y3N@C80 Endohedral Fullerene: Time‐Resolved Luminescence and EPR Studies

The endohedral fullerene Y₃N@C₈₀ exhibits luminescence with reasonable quantum yield and extraordinary long lifetime. By variable‐temperature steady‐state and time‐resolved luminescence spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that above 60 K the Y₃N@C₈₀ exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence with maximum emission at 120 K and a negligible prompt fluorescence. Below 60 K, a phosphorescence with a lifetime of 192±1 ms is observed. Spin distribution and dynamics in the triplet excited state is investigated with X‐ and W‐band EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies and DFT computations. Finally, electroluminescence of the Y₃N@C₈₀/PFO film is demonstrated opening the possibility for red‐emitting fullerene‐based organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).     

On triazoles. VII Synthesis of novel tri- and tetracyclic ring systems

The ring-closure of the 5-amino-1-(2-aminophenyl)-3-methylthio-1H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives 3 and 4 with different simple and cyclic C₁ components lead to the formation of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-α]-1,3,5-benzotriazepines 5–6 , their 4,5-dihydro- 7 , different 5-spiro-homocyclic- 8–13 , and 5-spiro-heterocyclic- 14-15 analogues. The structure of the compounds obtained was proved with the use of their ir, uv, ¹H-nmr and ¹³C-nmr spectra.     

THERMODYNAMICS OF PORPHYRIN BINDING TO SERUM ALBUMIN: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, OF PORPHYRIN SPECIES and OF ALBUMIN-CARRIED FATTY ACIDS

Abstract Porphyrin binding to serum albumin was studied at the molecular level probing the effects of: porphyrin self-aggregation, porphyrin species, temperature and protein-bound fatty acids. Human serum albumin was found to have a single high-affinity site for porphyrin monomers, with binding constants of 2 x 10⁶, 5 x 10⁷ and 3 x 10⁸ (37^o C, neutral pH, M ⁻¹), for hemato-, deutero- and protoporphyrins, respectively. Three equilibria models for the dimer binding were developed and tested. The data were found to fit best with a model proposing a single high-affinity binding site for the dimer, independent of and different than the monomer site. The binding constants of the hematoporphyrin and deuteroporphyrin dimers to human serum albumin (37^o C, neutral pH, M^−l) being 4 x 10* and 5 x 10⁸ respectively. The temperature dependence (Dp and HSA, 22-37^o C) of the monomer binding showed the process to be entropy-driven (δG^o= -45 kJ mol⁻¹; δS^o=+146 kJ mol⁻¹; δH^o= 0 kJ mol⁻¹). For the dimer binding, the enthalpy change was found to be highly temperature-dependent implying continuous changes in the heat capacity of the system over the entire temperature range, the trend at the 37^o C region fitting an entropy-driven process. The monomer vs dimer differences in temperature dependence strongly support separate and independent binding sites for these species. Similar thermodynamics were determined for fatty-acid carrying as well as for fatty-acid free HSA, with mild quantitative (but not qualitative) shifts.     

Great expectations: can artificial molecular machines deliver on their promise?

The development and fabrication of mechanical devices powered by artificial molecular machines is one of the contemporary goals of nanoscience. Before this goal can be realized, however, we must learn how to control the coupling/uncoupling to the environment of individual switchable molecules, and also how to integrate these bistable molecules into organized, hierarchical assemblies that can perform significant work on their immediate environment at nano-, micro- and macroscopic levels. In this tutorial review, we seek to draw an all-important distinction between artificial molecular switches which are now ten a penny-or a dime a dozen-in the chemical literature and artificial molecular machines which are few and far between despite the ubiquitous presence of their naturally occurring counterparts in living systems. At the single molecule level, a prevailing perspective as to how machine-like characteristics may be achieved focuses on harnessing, rather than competing with, the ineluctable effects of thermal noise. At the macroscopic level, one of the major challenges inherent to the construction of machine-like assemblies lies in our ability to control the spatial ordering of switchable molecules-e.g., into linear chains and then into muscle-like bundles-and to influence the cross-talk between their switching kinetics. In this regard, situations where all the bistable molecules switch synchronously appear desirable for maximizing mechanical power generated. On the other hand, when the bistable molecules switch "out of phase," the assemblies could develop intricate spatial or spatiotemporal patterns. Assembling and controlling synergistically artificial molecular machines housed in highly interactive and robust architectural domains heralds a game-changer for chemical synthesis and a defining moment for nanofabrication.