The effects of monophenol chain terminators on the structure–property relationships of controlled epoxy networks

Five families of new controlled epoxy thermosets (CENs) using three monophenol chain terminators were prepared to study systematic changes in the structure and amount of the monophenol and the initial molecular weight between crosslinks (M_c,i) on the properties of epoxy thermosets. Glass transition temperature (T_g) decreases with monophenol mole fraction (χ) in proportion to both the concentration and flexibility of the chain terminator. Distinct serial relations for T_g depression were observed for the three M_c,i families. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) shows significant perturbations of the relaxation behavior with added terminator as evidenced by decrease in peak tan δ and in post T_g damping. The rubbery coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) increases with monophenol concentration only at χ > 0.05 and shows distinct curvature versus temperature, but is largely invariant with monophenol flexibility. The thermal stability of terminated CENs decreases only slightly with χ and little difference was found with monophenol structure. Most surprisingly, fracture toughness decreases markedly and discontinuously with χ depending on M_c,i. The values of the critical monophenol concentration at which fracture toughness markedly decreases (χ_c) are inversely proportional to M_c,i but are independent of monophenol flexibility. No correlation of χ_c with any of the calculated network structure parameters was apparent. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1632–1640, 2008     

Ion-molecule reactions of a metalloporphyrin with common perfluoro mass standards

The ruthenium porphyrin carbonyl (I) reacts with perfluorokerosene and perfluorotributylamine to give ions of the type [M – CO + C_nF_2n], n = 1 to 4.     

Editorial announcement

Editorial announcement     

Six-component strain-gage balances for large wind tunnels

ONERA, the French Aerospace Research Institute, currently design, manufacture and calibrate the many dynamometers and balances, measuring one or several components, necessary for the tests in the large wind tunnels and other installations of its Modane-Avrieux and Le Fauga-Mauzac Centers, as well as those requested by external organizations, in France or abroad. The number of dynamometric sensors realized since 1955 amounts to several hundreds. Their capacities range from 0.01 N to 1000 kN. Their precision is usually about 10^?3, but may reach 10^?4. This paper describes the problems concerning the metallic architecture of the multicomponent balances, their strain-gage and electric equipment, thermal effects and their compensation it presents the general principles and the means used for the calibration of these balances.     

Étude thermochimique des sels de nickel et de cuivre de quelques amino-acides

Standard enthalpies of formation of:nickel and copper salts of several amino acids (α-alanine, valine, norvaline, isoleucine, norleucine);mixed complexes of copper:. Cu(α-alanine) (valine), Cu(α-alanine) (isoleucine), and Cu(valine) (isoleucine) are determined by calorimetry.The variations of enthalpy linked to the transformation of amminated and hydrated salts of the valine and of the isoleucine into the corresponding anhydrous compounds were determined by two different procedures: indirect calorimetry and differential calorimetric analysis.     

Survey of reaction types in low-energy colliosional activation of protonated methyl alkyl ketones

In contrast to high-energy collisions, where simple cleavages are commoner, rearrangements typically account for 96–100% of products in low-energy collisions of the [M + 1]⁺ ions of aliphatic methyl ketones. Rules for predicting low-energy helium collsional-activated decomposition (CAD) spectra of the ketones are based on proton affinities of fragments formed by simple rearrangements. The commonest reaction is equivalent to the energetically improbable four-center 1,3-H or 1,3-R shift; other rearrangements equivalent to processes with five-, six-, or seven-center activated complexes are less important. In larger ions, loss of water followed by loss of alkene dominates. O-Protonated enol forms either lose water to give a carbonium ion that rearranges to forms capable of losing olefin fragments, or rearranges to an intermediate in the formation of acetyl ion and an alkane. O-Protonated keto forms rearrange to alkanes and protonated smaller carbonyl compounds. The ion kinetic energies necessary to produce several intense daughter ions at threshold establish the order of sequential fragmentations. When helium is the collisional gas and the ion energy is 30 eV in the laboratory frame (the maximum value studies), the ion energy is only 0.8–1.9 eV in the center-of-mass frame depending on its size. Only a fraction of this kinetic energy is converted to internal energy, so that onsets of reaction channels differing by several tenths of an electron-volt are easily studied. Some isomers of methyl ketones can be easily distinguished by He-CAD spectra of their [M + 1]⁺ ions.     

Effects related to Stevenson's rule in mass spectral intensity correlations

According to Stevenson's rule, there is a possibility that the chloromethyl and bromomethyl ions in the spectra of alkylhalides may not be formed from the molecular ion by processes described by electronic ground states alone. Since ion intensities at 75 eV are generally considered to be governed by appearance potentials, the operation of Stevenson's rule should influence correlations of intensity data according to the kinetic approach to mass spectra. Deviations from linearity were obtained in correlations of CH₂Br⁺ intensities, but not in those of CH₂CL⁺. Stevenson's rule is of help in explaining the deviations, but by its nature it is not absolute in predicting their occurrence with certainty. Consequently caution must be exercised in the interpretation of new data, particularly for aliphatic compounds.     

Remarques sur l'écoulement tourbillonnaire autour des ailes en flèche

Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser behandelt die Wirbelstr?mung um Pfeilflügel. Diese Str?mung ist, bei etwas h?heren Anstellwinkeln, gekennzeichnet durch die Ausbildung einer Singularit?t, die er ?Wickelfl?che? (nappe en cornet) nennt. Die Konfiguration am Rand dieser Wirbelfl?che wird analysiert. Weiter wird das Bild einer konischen Str?mung für einen unendlichen Delta-Flügel untersucht; dabei wird genauer auf den Sinn der Singularit?ten eingegangen, die zu den Wirbeln der ?Wickelfl?che? oder den von der Pseudo-Str?mung in einer Querebene gebildeten Wülsten dieser Fl?che hinzugefügt werden, und die den Charakter von Quellen oder Senken haben. Der Verfasser diskutiert die Bedeutung der Staupunkte, der Trenn- und Abl?sungs-Linien und legt dar, wie man die Ausbildung der Wülste und weiter der ?Wickelfl?che? selbst als das Ergebnis des Zusammenfliessens der beiden Grenzschichten von Ober- und Unterseite auffassen kann, wobei diese letztere zur Oberseite hinüberstr?mt. Schliesslich wird die Bildung von Gegenwirbeln untersucht. O. N. E. R. A. (Office national d'études et de recherches aéronautiques).