The viscoelasticity and structure of fibrous proteins

Summary DynamicYoung's moduli of wool fibres in water have been measured over a range of two decades in rate of extension and at temperatures from 0 to 90 C. Small displacements were used, corresponding to extensions of 0.1%. These were imposed upon mean extensions of (a) 1%, (b) 15% and (c) 40%, representative of the three main extension regions of-keratin. The results obtained show great differences from the slopes of the corresponding regions of the force-extension curve carried out at the same temperature and rate of extension.Comparison of the small-strain dynamic moduli in the three regions (a), (b) and (c) indicate that there is a component of the modulus in (a) amounting to 1.3×10¹⁰ dynes/cm² which is associated with intact-helical filaments, and which is substantially constant up to at least 70 C.Approximate superposition of the dynamic moduli at different rates was achieved using theWilliams-Landel-Ferry (WFL) equation with a reference temperature of 35 C. It is thereby concluded that under the present conditions-keratin has an effective glasstransition in the vicinity of –15 C. Above 60–70 C the WLF relation was not obeyed, indicating the presence of a relaxing process with a different temperature-dependence from that of the normal viscoelastic mechanisms; it is suggested that this process may consist in the fission and re-formation of cystine groups.

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Zusammenfassung Die dynamischenYoung-Moduln von Wollfasern in Wasser wurden über einen Bereich von zwei Dekaden der Streckgeschwindigkeit und Temperaturen zwischen 0 und 90 gemessen. Die maximal verwendeten Auslenkungen entsprechen einer Ausdehnung von 0,1%. Diese wurden den mittleren Dehnungen von (a) 1%, (b) 15% und (c) 40% überlagert entsprechend den drei Hauptbereichen der Dehnung von-Keratin. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen gro\e Differenzen für die Steigungen der entsprechenden Bereiche Kraft-Dehnungs-Diagramm für gleiche Temperaturen und gleiche Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit.Ein Vergleich der Dehn-Moduln für kleine Dehnungen in den drei Bereichen (a), (b) und (c) zeigen, da\ in (a) eine Komponente des Moduls von etwa 1,3×10¹⁰dyn/ cm² enthalten ist, verbunden mit den intakten-Helices der Moleküle. Und diese bleiben im wesentlichen unverändert bis zu Temperaturen von wenigstens 70 C.Näherungsweise Superposition der dynamischen Moduln bei verschiedenen Dehngeschwindigkeiten konnte mit Hilfe derWilliams-Landel-Ferry (WLF)-Gleichung hinsichtlich einer Referenz-Temperatur von 35 C erreicht werden. Hieraus folgt, da\ unter den angewandten Bedingungen das-Keratin eine effektive Glasübergangstemperatur in der Nachbarschaft von –15C besitzt. Oberhalb von 60 bis 70 C wird die WLP-Gleichung nicht befolgt. Das zeigt die Mitwirkung von Relaxations-Prozessen mit einer unterschiedlichen Temperatur-Abhängigkeit von der der normalen viscoelastischen Mechanismen an. Es ist zu vermuten, da\ dieser Proze\ auf der Aufspaltung und Wiederbildung von Cystin-Gruppen beruht.

     

Metal---metal bond formation promoted by steric effects: The structural chemistry of μ-dichlorobis(di-t-butyl-p-tolylphosphine)tetracarbonyldiruthenium(I)

The bulky teratiary phosphines P-t-Bu₂Ph and P-t-Bu₂-p-tol, provide binuclear ruthenium(I) complexes. An X-ray analysis of [Ru₂Cl₂(CO)₄(P-t-Bu₂-p-tol)₂] shows the RuCl₂Ru bridge to be non-planar and to have an Ru---Ru distance of 2.632Å.     

Neutron diffraction study of [H(4)Co(4)(C(5)Me(4)Et)(4)], a tetrahedral metal cluster complex with four face-bridging hydride ligands

A single-crystal neutron diffraction analysis of the cluster complex [H(4)Co(4)(C(5)Me(4)Et)(4)] was carried out on the new quasi-Laue diffractometer VIVALDI at the Institut Laue-Langevin. The structure consists of four face-bridging hydrides attached to a tetrahedral cobalt metal core. Average distances and angles in the core of the molecule are as follows: Co-Co = 2.571(8), Co-C = 2.158(6), Co-H = 1.749(7), H.H = 2.366(9) A; Co-H-Co = 94.6(3), H-Co-H = 85.1(3) degrees. The hydride ligands are located off the Co-Co-Co planes by an average distance of 0.923(8) A. It is suggested that the dimensions of the HCo(3) fragments found in this molecule provide reasonable estimates for analogous distances and angles associated with chemisorbed H atoms situated on the 3-fold hollows of a cobalt surface. Crystallographic details: space group P2(1)/a (monoclinic); a = 21.979(2), b = 10.924(1), c = 34.406(2) A; beta = 90.81(1) degrees; Z = 8. Final agreement factor: R(F) = 0.099 for 3779 reflections [I > 2sigma(I)] collected at 20 K.     

Preparation and structure of fluorite-type (Sr,Y)Cl2.05

Anion excess colorless fluorite-type strontium-yttrium chloride has been prepared. Single crystals of the SrY compound exhibit a primitive cubic lattice with a = 6.967(1)Å. Two mutually exclusive structural models for solutions, neither of which is exact, are discussed. The first is a vacancy model in which the extra charge which results from substitution of Y³⁺ for Sr²⁺ is balanced by the simultaneous removal of a Sr²⁺Cl^? ion pair. This model requires individual ion sites to be partially occupied and nonequivalent and is strongly suggestive of vacancy ordering. Refinement in space group P1, with sites refined independenty, led to R = 0.1096. The second model describes the structure in terms of a Willis cluster of defects and includes both anion vacancies and interstitial anions. Full-matrix least squares refinement in space group Fm3m, with positions analogous to those in UO_2.12 and (Ca,Y)F_2.10, converged at R = 0.0633 for the 114 face-centered parent structure reflections whose |F|;² > σ(F²). This second model is discussed in relation to a probable true solution which involves longrange order.     

Optical activity in the biaryl series

The relationship between the CD spectra of the chiral biaryls and their stereochemical configuration, as a function of the dihedral angle between the molecular planes of the aromatic moieties, has been investigated for biphenyl, 1,1′-binaphthyl, 1,1′-bianthryl and 9,9′-bianthryl in the exciton approximation and, for the 1,1′-binaphthyls, in the π-SCF approximation. Both methods provide unambiguous assignments of absolute configuration except for biaryls with a critical dihedral angle of π/2 in those with effective D_data2 chromophoric symmetry, or 100–110° in the case of the 1,1′-binaphthyls.     

PHOTOREDUCTION OF SOME NITROBIPHENYL ETHER HERBICIDES TO NITRO RADICAL ANIONS BY β-CAROTENE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

Abstract —The nitrobiphenyl ether herbicides; 4-nitrobiphenyl ether, bifenox, nitrofen, acifluorfen, acifluorfen-methyl, acifluorfen-ethyl, and oxyfluorfen were reduced to their corresponding nitro radical anions by visible light in the presence of β-carotene, lycopene, retinol, retinal, retinoic acid and retinyl acetate in anaerobic solutions at high pH. It was more difficult to obtain spectra of bifenox, nitrofen and oxyfluorfen than acifluorfen derivatives, probably due to their poor solubilities. In neutral solutions the steady-state concentration of the nitro radical anions was low due to their faster rate of dispropor-tionation and the poor solubility of β-carotene. In the presence of retinal, the nitro radical anion of acifluorfen was produced at pH 7.4. Compounds containing conjugated double bonds such as crotonaldehyde and 2.4-hexadienal also reduced acifluorfen and its derivatives to their respective nitro radical anions in the presence of light. Ubiquinone-50 which does not contain conjugated double bonds in the side chain did not reduce acifluorfen under similar conditions.     

Some electrohydrodynamic effects in fluid dispersions

Under the combined influence of applied shear and electric fields, the macroscopic behavior of suspensions reflects coupling of the two fields which produces stresses at the phase boundaries. These stresses in turn cause motion and/or deformation of the suspended phase. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) factors which govern these motions and deformations are reviewed in detail. both in a general theoretical context and also in terms of extensive experimental observations. Throughout an attempt has been made to relate the microscopic behaviour (including interactions) of the suspended phase to macroscopically observable or bulk properties of the suspension as a whole.The phenomena reviewed here are important to a large number of colloidal problems of interest to the physical, biological and earth sciences.     

The effect of ultrasound on the solvolysis of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane in aqueous alcoholic media

The effect of ultrasonic irradiation (45KHz at 25°C) on the solvolysis of $\text{t}$-butyl chloride in aqueous ethanol, $\text{i}$-propanol and $\text{t}$-butanol is (1) to increase the rate constants in the more alcoholic media and (2) to reduce the m values of these reactions.     

Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. XCV. Synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepines by ring expansion of 2-chloromethylquinazolines with carbanions

1,4-Benzodiazepines bearing a carbon substituent at the 2-position were obtained by reaction of 2-chloromethylquinazoline 3-oxides with stabilized carbanions. The carbanions of alkyl acetates, N,N-disubstituted acetamides, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfone, N,N-dimethyl methanesulfonamide and 2-methylpyridine were successfully applied. The conversion of some of the 2-carbon substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines to imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines and [1,2,5]oxadiazino[5,4-a][1,4]benzodiazepines is described.     

Tuning the optical properties of fluorinated indolylfulgimides

Photochromic fluorinated indolylfulgides have been identified as potential candidates for a wide range of applications including optical switches, photoregulators of biological processes, and optical memory media. In humid environments or biological systems, hydrolytic stability is essential. In an effort to improve hydrolytic stability, a series of indolylfulgimides has been synthesized from a parent trifluoromethyl-substituted indolylfulgide. The nitrogen of the succinimide moiety is linked to either a dimethyl amino or one of seven substituted phenyl groups. The phenyl groups feature substituents with increasing electron-withdrawing ability. The spectral characteristics of each compound have been examined, revealing that the wavelength absorption maxima of each form increases with increasing electron-withdrawing ability of the substituted N-phenyl ring. The quantum yields of the photoreactions have been determined with the N-(phenyl)fulgimide showing a ring closure value of nearly 0.30 in toluene. In addition, the hydrolytic, thermal, and photochemical stabilities of each compound have been measured. The fulgimides exhibit at least a 200-fold enhancement of hydrolytic stability for the Z-form and over a 1000-fold enhancement for the C-form in comparison to the same form of the parent fulgide. The N-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)fulgimide can undergo up to 3000 photochemical cycles (coloration followed by bleaching) before losing 20% of its initial absorbance at photostationary state.