Nanostructured deposits of TiO2 were grown on Si (1 0 0) substrates by laser ablating a TiO2 sintered target in vacuum or in oxygen using a Ti:sapphire laser delivering 80 fs pulses. The effect of the laser irradiation wavelength on the obtained nanostructures, was investigated using 800, 400 and 266 nm at different substrate temperatures and pressures of oxygen. The composition of the deposits was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the surface morphology was studied by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Deposits are absent of microscopic droplets in all conditions explored. The best deposits, constituted by nanoparticles of an average diameter of 30 nm with a narrow size distribution, were obtained at the shorter laser wavelength of 266 nm under vacuum at substrate room temperature. 相似文献
In this study we used simulated data to investigate how valuable the use of multiple b-values is, in terms of improving the accuracy and reproducibility of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) results. Our results show that the systematic bias of the estimated scalar diffusion parameters [apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy (FA)] - due to the Rician distribution of magnetic resonance noise - can be minimized by increasing the number of b-values and not by increasing the number of sampling directions. In addition, the use of more than one b-value accounts better for the wide range of diffusivities found in the human brain by bringing closer together the FA estimates for fibres with different mean diffusivities. It is also shown that while for tractography studies we should use as many sampling directions as allowed by scan time limitations, for follow-up, intersubject or multicenter studies, the use of more than one b-value will improve the accuracy of the scalar diffusion parameters, as long as the minimum number of directions required for robust estimation of each parameter is still used. 相似文献
We extend earlier work on traveling waves in premixed flames in a gravitationally stratified medium, subject to the Boussinesq
approximation. For three-dimensional channels not aligned with the gravity direction and under the Dirichlet boundary conditions
in the fluid velocity, it is shown that a non-planar traveling wave, corresponding to a non-zero reaction, exists, under an
explicit condition relating the geometry of the crossection of the channel to the magnitude of the Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers,
or when the advection term in the flow equations is neglected. 相似文献
The paper reports preparation and analytical features of a new Cu(II)-imprinted polymer, based on salen-OMe ligand 2,2′-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilo(E)methylylidene)]bis(6-allyl-4-methoxyphenol) and styrene-divinylbenzene matrix, as well as its application to on-line preconcentration and flame atomic absorption determination of copper. Sorbent beads (average diameter of 60-80 µm) were obtained using suspension polymerization technique and employed as a column filling. Copper sorption was the most effective at pH 6.8, whereas the highest elution effectiveness was observed when 0.5% HNO3 was applied. The sorbent exhibited good long-term stability and acid resistance. Enrichment factor (EF) of 12 was found for 60 s loading time and loading flow rate of 4 mL min− 1. EF value may be further increased by expanding the loading time and/or flow rate. Batch sorbent capacity in optimal pH conditions was found to be 0.16 mmol g− 1 (9.55 mg g− 1) of a dry polymer. Calcium(II) turned out to be the only significant interferent. Cadmium(II), silver(I), nickel(II), zinc(II) in concentrations lower than about 1 mg L− 1 did not disturb copper(II) preconcentration. Different calibration methods such as: set of standards method (SSM), standard addition method (SAM) and combinatory calibration method (CCM) were employed for copper(II) determination in tap water, spring mineral water and certified reference material. Analysis of EU-H-3 reference material confirmed good accuracy of the proposed method. Relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.2 for standard addition method and 2.8% for set of standard calibration method. Detection limit for sample consumption 16 mL was 1.03 and 1.07 µgL-1 respectively. 相似文献
A novel polyacrylate-based matrix for potentiometric ion-selective electrodes has been developed. Isododecyl acrylate, acrylonitrile and hexanedioldiacrylate co-monomers along with the thermo-initiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone were used as polymeric matrix components. A lead(II)-selective electrode (Pb-ISE) was constructed using the above matrix. The electrode showed comparable analytical performance in the micromolar range to Pb-ISEs with conventional poly(vinyl chloride)-based membranes containing neutral ionophore and with solid-state membranes containing a mixture of lead sulphide and silver sulphide. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies revealed much lower ion mobility in the polyacrylate membrane than in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes. This result additionally indicates the possibility of obtaining a lower detection limit for ISEs using the new acrylate matrix. 相似文献
The Lewis base behavior of μ3‐nitrido ligands of the polynuclear titanium complexes [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)(μ‐NH)}3(μ3‐N)] ( 1 ) and [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)}4(μ3‐N)4] ( 2 ) to MX Lewis acids has been observed for the first time. Complex 1 entraps one equivalent of copper(I ) halide or copper(I ) trifluoromethanesulfonate through the basal NH imido groups to give cube‐type adducts [XCu{(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ3‐N)}] (X=Cl ( 3 ), Br ( 4 ), I ( 5 ), OSO2CF3 ( 6 )). However, the treatment of 1 with an excess (≥2 equiv) of copper reagents afforded complexes [XCu{(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ4‐N)(CuX)}] (X=Cl ( 7 ), Br ( 8 ), I ( 9 ), OSO2CF3 ( 10 )) by incorporation of an additional CuX fragment at the μ3‐N nitrido apical group. Similarly, the tetranuclear cube‐type nitrido derivative 2 is capable of incorporating one, two, or up to three CuX units at the μ3‐N ligands to give complexes [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)}4(μ3‐N)4?n{(μ4‐N)CuX}n] (X=Br ( 11 ), n=1; X=Cl ( 12 ), n=2; X=OSO2CF3 ( 13 ), n=3). Compound 2 also reacts with silver(I ) trifluoromethanesulfonate (≥1 equiv) to give the adduct [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)}4(μ3‐N)3{(μ4‐N)AgOSO2CF3}] ( 14 ). X‐ray crystal structure determinations have been performed for complexes 8 – 13 . Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to understand the nature and strength of the interactions of [{Ti(η5‐C5H5)(μ‐NH)}3(μ3‐N)] ( 1′ ) and [{Ti(η5‐C5H5)}4(μ3‐N)4] ( 2′ ) model complexes with copper and silver MX fragments. Although coordination through the three basal NH imido groups is thermodynamically preferred in the case of 1′ , in both complexes the μ3‐nitrido groups act as two‐electron donor Lewis bases to the appropriate Lewis acids. 相似文献
Opening the cluster core : Substitution of the chloride ligand in the novel cationic cluster [W3CuS4H3Cl(dmpe)3]+ (see figure; dmpe=1,2‐bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) by acetonitrile is promoted by water addition. Kinetic and density functional theory studies lead to a mechanistic proposal in which acetonitrile or water attack causes the opening of the cluster core with dissociation of one of the Cu? S bonds to accommodate the entering ligand.
The integrated operational transportation planning problem extends the traditional vehicle routing and scheduling problem by the possibility of outsourcing a part of the requests by involving subcontractors. The purpose of this paper is to present the integrated planning problem and to propose an approach for solving it by a tabu search heuristic. Existing approaches from literature which discuss vehicle routing combined with outsourcing regard only one specific type of subcontracting. This paper describes and explores the complex situation where an own fleet and several types of subcontracting are used for request fulfillment. As the approach contains new aspects, unknown to the literature so far, tabu search is extended to special types of moves. On the basis of computational results the cost structure is analyzed in order to investigate the long-term planning question whether and to what extend it is profitable to maintain an own fleet. 相似文献
A new electrochemical method for the determination of trace water in methanol has been developed. This method is based on the effect, that a minor change in the water content affects the value of conductivity measured for dissolved in the solutions electrolyte. The conductivity measurements were performed for four inorganic salts, i.e. NaCl, KCl, RbCl, and CsCl in solutions with different amounts of water traces in methanol and the calibration curves for three of them were determined. With the exception of cesium chloride the high values of correlation coefficients for the regression lines as well as low limits of detection were achieved in all cases which indicates that this method is a useful tool for the determination of the trace amounts of water in methanol. 相似文献
Propylene carbonate can be used as a green solvent for asymmetric cyanohydrin synthesis catalyzed by VO(salen)NCS. A range of 10 aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes gave high enantioselectivities (up to 93%) and conversions (up to 100%) in reactions carried out at or near room temperature with reaction times of 24 h or less. 相似文献