Γ-Lakton-cis-anellierung an Δ2- und Δ3- Cholesten

γ-Lactone-cis-annulation to Δ²- and Δ³- Cholestene. From Δ²- and Δ³- cholestene the γ-lactones 11a , 11b , 12a , and 12b are synthesized through the dibromocarbene adducts 3 and 4 , the bromohydrines 5 and 6 , the oxapiropentanes 7 and 8 , and the cyclobutanones 9a , 9b and 10a , 10b , respectively. The ¹³C-NMR.-spectra of 1–8 and 11 as well as the ORD.-spectra of the cyclobutanones 9 and 10 are reported.     

Microchemical characterization of paintings — A case study

Summary The fundamental importance of scientific research for the preservation and restoration of works of art is uncontestable. The methods described in this paper, such as light microscopy, microchemical tests, emission spectroscopy, chromatography, scanning electron analysis, electron microprobe analysis and infrared spectroscopy, are of special significance in this filed. Nevertheless a better understanding of the problems that arise out of new special questions of art history can be obtained only by the right interpretation of the data obtained by scientific methods.

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Mikrochemische Charakterisierung von Gemälden

Zusammenfassung Die grundlegende Bedeutung wissenschaftlicher Forschung für die Erhaltung und Restaurierung von Kunstwerken ist unbestritten. Die hier beschriebenen Methoden (Lichtmikroskopie, mikrochemische Reaktionen, Emissionsspektroskopie, Chromatographie, Rasterelektronen-Analyse und Infrarotspektroskopie) sind hierfür von zunehmender Bedeutung. Sie ermöglichen ein besseres Verständnis neuerer kunsthistorischer Probleme nur durch die richtige Interpretation der Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Methoden.

     

Stationary policies and Markov policies in Borel dynamic programming

Summary The question of the existence of good Markov [good stationary] policies is studied for a general class of Borel [stationary] dynamic programming models. It is shown, for example, that Markov [stationary] policies are uniformly adequate if every transition law is absolutely continuous with respect to a fixed measure [and the reward function is positive or the model satisfies certain compactness and continuity conditions].Research supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Sonderforschungsbereich 72Research supported by National Science Foundation Grant MCS 8100789     

Hydroxybromierung und Methoxybromierung von (Z)-Cycloocten

In addition totrans-2-bromocyclooctanol andtrans-1,2-dibromocyclooctane,cis-4-bromocyclooctanol,cis-1,4-dibromocyclooctane,trans-1,4-dibromocyclooctane, and (Z)-5-bromocyclooctene are obtained, when (Z)-cyclooctene is treated with N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of water. Similarly the methoxybromination of (Z)-cyclooctene gives transanular products.