High-throughput concept for tailoring switchable mirrors

The optical properties, the switching kinetics and the lifetime of hydrogen switchable mirrors based on Mg-Ni alloys are determined with particular regard to the composition of the optically active metal-hydride layer in combination with the thickness of the catalytic capping layer. For this, a high-throughput experiment is introduced. The switching kinetics and the reversibility of switchable mirrors are strongly thickness dependent, though the details hinge on the fine structure of the clustered capping layer. Therefore, the kinetics is correlated with the surface structures of Pd on Mg_yNi_1−y as investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. The results are explained by the so-called strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) state, characterized by a complete encapsulation of the capping layer clusters by oxidized species originating from the support. The SMSI-effect is less important with increasing Pd-layer thickness, and is suppressed by a good wetting of the Pd-clusters on the optically active film. This explains the critical thickness for the catalyzed hydrogen uptake observed in many switchable mirror systems. Moreover, the degradation of the kinetics during cycling is found to depend on the Pd-layer thickness and on the gas environment. Only films, covered with at least 15 nm Pd, show small degradation caused by the SMSI-effect. The SMSI-effect is partly reversible: after changing the gas environment from hydrogen to oxygen, the oxide on the Pd-clusters can be partly removed.     

无源RC积分器在多脉冲信号测量中的问题分析

由微分测量探头和积分器构成的微分积分测量系统广泛应用于脉冲电压和电流测量。依据无源RC积分器的等效电路,分析了在多脉冲信号测量中,无源RC积分器在实现微分信号的积分还原时,可以引起信号的平顶降和信号基线偏离,给出了平顶降和基线偏离与信号脉冲宽度和积分常数的定量关系,计算了在不同积分器参数和脉冲信号参数时的平顶降和基线偏离结果,并且与PSpice电路模拟结果进行了比较,两种结果一致。按照此定量关系,可以根据脉冲信号特点和测量要求,准确确定积分器参数。     

Waveguide modes of 1D photonic crystals in a transverse magnetic field

We analyze waveguide modes in 1D photonic crystals containing layers magnetized in the plane. It is shown that the magnetooptical nonreciprocity effect emerges in such structures during the propagation of waveguide modes along the layers and perpendicularly to the magnetization. This effect involves a change in the phase velocity of the mode upon reversal of the direction of magnetization. Comparison of the effects in a nonmagnetic photonic crystal with an additional magnetic layer and in a photonic crystal with magnetic layers shows that the magnitude of this effect is several times larger in the former case in spite of the fact that the electromagnetic field of the modes in the latter case is localized in magnetic regions more strongly. This is associated with asymmetry of the dielectric layers contacting with the magnetic layer in the former case. This effect is important for controlling waveguide structure modes with the help of an external magnetic field.     

Amphiphilic Core–Shell Nanocomposite Particles for Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A scalable synthesis of magnetic core–shell nanocomposite particles, acting as a novel class of magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents, has been developed. Each nanocomposite particle consists of a biocompatible chitosan shell and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core where multiple aggregated γ‐Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles are confined within the hydrophobic core. Properties of the nanocomposite particles including their chemical structure, particle size, size distribution, and morphology, as well as crystallinity of the magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic properties were systematically characterized. Their potential application as an MR contrast agent has been evaluated. Results show that the nanocomposite particles have good stability in biological media and very low cytotoxicity in both L929 mouse fibroblasts (normal cells) and HeLa cells (cervical cancer cells). They also exhibited excellent MR imaging performance with a T₂ relaxivity of up to 364 mM_Fe^?1 s^?1. An in vivo MR test performed on a naked mouse bearing breast tumor indicates that the nanocomposite particles can localize in both normal liver and tumor tissues. These results suggest that the magnetic core–shell nanocomposite particles are an efficient, inexpensive and safe T₂‐weighted MR contrast agent for both liver and tumor MR imaging in cancer therapy.     

Inequalities for Purity Parameters of Multiqudit and Single-Qudit States

We analyze the recently found inequality for eigenvalues of the density matrix and purity parameters describing either a bipartite-system state or a single-qudit state. We rewrite the Minkowski-type trace inequality for the density matrices of the qudit states in terms of the purity parameters and discuss the properties of the inequality obtained, paying special attention to the X-states of two qubits and a single qudit. Also we study the relation of the purity inequalities obtained with the entanglement.     

Laser-induced synthesis of metal–carbon materials for implementing surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Metal–carbon materials exhibiting surface-enhanced Raman scattering have been synthesized by laser irradiation of colloidal systems consisting of carbon and noble metal nanoparticles. The dependence of the Raman scattering intensity on the material composition and laser irradiation conditions has been investigated. The possibility of recording the Raman spectrum of organic dye rhodamine 6G, deposited in amount of 10^–6 M on the substrate obtained from a colloidal solution is demonstrated.     

Tokamak DEMO-FNS: Concept of magnet system and vacuum chamber

The level of knowledge accumulated to date in the physics and technologies of controlled thermonuclear fusion (CTF) makes it possible to begin designing fusion—fission hybrid systems that would involve a fusion neutron source (FNS) and which would admit employment for the production of fissile materials and for the transmutation of spent nuclear fuel. Modern Russian strategies for CTF development plan the construction to 2023 of tokamak-based demonstration hybrid FNS for implementing steady-state plasma burning, testing hybrid blankets, and evolving nuclear technologies. Work on designing the DEMO-FNS facility is still in its infancy. The Efremov Institute began designing its magnet system and vacuum chamber, while the Kurchatov Institute developed plasma-physics design aspects and determined basic parameters of the facility. The major radius of the plasma in the DEMO-FNS facility is R = 2.75 m, while its minor radius is a = 1 m; the plasma elongation is k ₉₅ = 2. The fusion power is P _FUS = 40 MW. The toroidal magnetic field on the plasma-filament axis is B _t0 = 5 T. The plasma current is I _p = 5 MA. The application of superconductors in the magnet system permits drastically reducing the power consumed by its magnets but requires arranging a thick radiation shield between the plasma and magnet system. The central solenoid, toroidal-field coils, and poloidal-field coils are manufactured from, respectively, Nb₃Sn, NbTi and Nb₃Sn, and NbTi. The vacuum chamber is a double-wall vessel. The space between the walls manufactured from 316L austenitic steel is filled with an iron—water radiation shield (70% of stainless steel and 30% of water).     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定涂料中的Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg

研究了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定涂料中的重金属Pb，Cd，Cr和Hg，确定了测定涂料中的重金属Pb，Cd，Cr和Hg的最佳条件。加标回收试验和实际样品测定结果表明，方法的回收率和精密度分别在99.5％-110．0％和0．95％-1．98％范围，该方法快速、准确、可靠，各元素的检出限能满足涂料安全标准，适用于涂料的日常检验。     

Synthesis and enrichment of a macromolecular surface modifier PP-b-PVP for polypropylene

Polypropylene-block-poly(vinylpyrrolidone) copolymer was synthesized through the esterification of dicarboxyl-terminated polypropylene with monohydroxyl-terminated poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and used as a macromolecular surface modifier to improve the surface hydrophilicity of PP. The results of ATR-FTIR and contact angles measurements indicated that PP-b-PVP could diffuse preferably onto the surface by the inducement of high energy interface and lower the water contact angle of polypropylene. Lower loading and lower molecular weight of PP and PVP segment would result in higher surface selective enrichment.     

Luminescent properties of semiconductor composite systems composed of erbium triphthalocyanine molecules and a silicon slot structure in the near-infrared region

Photoluminescence spectra of organic semiconductors based on mono-, bis-, and triphthalocyanine containing erbium as a complexing agent have been obtained in the range of 1–1.8 μm. Comparison of the spectral characteristics has shown that erbium triphthalocyanine has the highest photoluminescence quantum yield at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. To enhance this effect, composite materials based on erbium triphthalocyanine and a silicon slot structure have been synthesized, in which an additional increase in the photoluminescence signal near 1.14 μm has been observed. At the same time, no photoluminescence signal has been observed near the wavelength of 1.5 μm. This can be explained by taking into account the interaction of the erbium triphthalocyanine molecules with the adsorption centers of the silicon matrix.