Additions of carbenes to 1,2,2-trimethylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane

Dicarbomethoxy- and dichlorocarbene add to 1,2,2-trimethylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane to give derivatives of 2,3,3-trimethylpenta-1,4-diene. These products are not predicted by the mechanism proposed earlier. A new mechanism is suggested.     

Laser microspectral analysis of steels

The use of laser microspectral analysis for the quantitative measurement of silicon and chromium, present in concentrations as low as 0.08% in mild steels, is investigated. A comparison is made between the use of Q-switched and normal ruby laser operation, both spark assisted. Time integrated electron temperature measurements of iron plasmas and time resolved spectra of A1 plasmas are presented and used to determine if the ‘local thermodynamic equilibrium’ model applies to these laser initiated plasmas.     

A small angle neutron scattering and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of the nanostructure of the iron chalcogenide glass ion-selective electrode

This paper presents a preliminary structural and interfacial study of the iron chalcogenide glass [i.e., Fe_x(Ge₂₈Sb₁₂Se₆₀)_100−x] ion-selective electrode (ISE) using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SANS detected variations in the neutron scattering as a function of iron content in the chalcogenide glass. Furthermore, a change in the chalcogenide glass structure was observed at elevated iron dopant levels. Conversely, EIS was used to show that the iron chalcogenide membrane comprises various time constants, and the interfacial charge transfer reaction depends on the membrane iron content. Equivalent circuit modeling revealed that the charge transfer resistance decreases at elevated iron levels, and this may be related to the presence of iron defects in the glass. It is proposed that the iron chalcogenide membrane comprises an iron nanostructural network embedded in the amorphous matrix, and this directly influences the electrical conductivity and concomitant electrochemical reactivity of the glass.     

Quantum logics and convex geometry

The main result is a representation theorem which shows that, for a large class of quantum logics, a quantum logic,Q, is isomorphic to the lattice of projective faces in a suitable convex setK. As an application we extend our earlier results [4], which, subject to countability conditions, gave a geometric characterization of those quantum logics which are isomorphic to the projection lattice of a von Neumann algebra or aJ B W-algebra.     

Reaction of carbenes with bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane

Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane reacts with phenylcarbene and dicarbomethoxycarbene by simple insertion at the cyclobutane methylene position. By contrast, difluorocarbene reacts by two bond cleavage to give 1,1-difluoro-1,5-hexadiene.     

Impacting the length of wormlike micelles using mixed surfactant systems

The effect of adding an alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactant (C(18)E(18)) to aqueous solutions of a cationic surfactant, erucyl bis(hydroxyethyl) methylammonium chloride (EHAC,CH(3)(CH(2))(7)(CH)(2)(CH(2))(12)N(+)-(CH(2)CH(2)OH)(2)CH(3)Cl(-)), was studied using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), steady-state rheology, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM). This cationic surfactant has the ability to self-assemble into giant wormlike micelles in the presence of an electrolyte, such as KCl. In salt-free solutions, the mixture of the two surfactants gave rise to spherical micelles. The scattering curves obtained were fitted with a polydisperse core-shell model combined with a Hayter Penfold potential. The inner and outer radii were found to be dependent on the surfactant ratio. In the presence of KCl, mixed wormlike micelles were formed. However, further addition of C(18)E(18) promoted the breaking of the micellar worms with the appearance of a structure peak in the scattering curves. In addition, it was found that the low shear viscosity is decreased upon addition of the alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactant. These findings are in good qualitative agreement with the Cryo-TEM images. The results show that the addition of the nonionic surfactant to the system is a method of controlling the worm length.     

Giant micellar worms under shear: a rheological study using SANS

Flow-SANS experiments were performed on viscoelastic aqueous solutions of erucyl bis(hydroxyethyl) methylammonium chloride in the presence of potassium chloride. This cationic surfactant has the ability to form very long and flexible wormlike micelles upon addition of salt. The effects of the key-parameters-shear rate, temperature, surfactant and salt concentration-on the ability of the micelles to align in the flow-field were investigated. The scattering data were analyzed in terms of an anisotropy factor (Af). It was found that the wormlike micelles aligned in the direction of the applied shear rate and that the anisotropy factor increased with shear rate. In addition, an increase in temperature caused a decrease of the anisotropy factor (Af) due to the formation of shorter worms. Furthermore, the branching of the micelles at high ionic strength caused the anisotropy factor to decrease in comparison with the values obtained from linear wormlike micelles, hence revealing that the formation of 3-way junctions restricts the alignment of the micelles in the shear-flow. Furthermore, the total surfactant concentration was found to affect the shear-induced patterns significantly, and different behaviors were observed depending on the ionic strength.