Production and evaluation of second antibody for radioimmunoassay technique

Polyclonal antibody production in mammals is generally associated with multiple injections of antigens and adjuvant and repeated blood sampling procedures. In the production of second polyclonal antibodies, a number of critical steps can be identified that may influence the outcome of the animal experiment (immunological results and the pain and suffering of the animals). The goal of this work was to evaluate critical steps in the production of these antibodies, and to optimize production protocols that will ultimately result in effective antibody responses. This work was achieved through immunization of two healthy sheep by purified Alpha feto protein (AFP) antigen. Also, the present study involved the preparation of AFP standards from human cord blood. Furthermore, preparation of a radiolabeled AFP tracer of a high specific activity using ¹²⁵I isotope by chloramine T method was undertaken. Moreover, this study provides that there was no observable difference between the Scottish Antibody Production Unit (SAPU) and Sigma SAM IgG and the two second antibodies obtained from the local sheep sera.     

Effect of cyclodextrin nanocavity confinement on the photorelaxation of the cardiotonic drug milrinone

We report on steady-state UV-visible absorption, emission, and picosecond emission studies of milrinone (MIR) drug in neutral water and complexed to cyclodextrins (alpha-, beta-, gamma-CD and dimethyl-beta-CD (DM-beta-CD)). The results reveal that MIR forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with CD. Upon encapsulation the emission intensity increases and the fluorescence lifetime changes from approximately 65 ps to 240-350 ps, indicating a confinement effect of the nanocages on the photophysical behavior of the drug. Due to its methyl groups, the DM-beta-CD complex shows the largest effect. The time-anisotropy experiments support the formation of 1:1 inclusion complexes and indicate motion of the drug inside the nanocavity. Furthermore, results of PM3 calculations combined with spectral and dynamical data show that the drug is not fully embedded into the cavities, and the conformation of the included complex explains the relatively short lifetimes and low emission quantum yields of these entities.     

Trimers of Aliphatic Monosubstituted Ketenes from Acid Chlorides

A new synthesis of trimers of aliphatic monosubstituted ketenes from acid chlorides is described. The structures of the products are shown to be alkyl substituted γ-hydroxy-α-pyrones by NMR. and mass spectroscopy. ¹³C-NMR. studies indicate, that an acetanilide/aluminium-chloride complex catalyses the formation of the products.     

Liquid Crystals with Large Negative Dielectric Anisotropy. Part V

Liquid crystals with negative Δϵ can be obtained by incorporating a cyano group in the terminal alkyl substituent or in an ethylene bridge between the cyclic units of the rigid core. The clearing points of such compounds are higher than those of the corresponding derivatives where the cyano group is laterally attached to a phenyl moiety. In compounds where both cyclic units of the rigid core are cyclohexyl, this type of substitution leads to an optimal contribution to ϵ⟂ in contrast to the cyanophenyl derivatives.     

Assignment of the proton and carbon NMR spectra of the indoloquinoline alkaloid cryptolepine

The relatively rare alkaloid cryptolepine, 5-methyl-5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline, was isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlecter (Asclepiadaceae). Unequivocal proton and carbon nmr assignments in dimethyl sulfoxide are reported based on two-dimensional nmr methods, including COSY, inverse-detected direct (HMQC), and long-range (HMBC) correlations. Several of the assignments were confirmed using one-dimensional SIMBA spectra - a new, selective, one-dimensional analogue of the proton-detected long-range heteronuclear shift correlation experiment (HMBC). The SIMBA experiment was also used in an attempt to observe a two-bond coupling from the H11 proton to C10a at several optimizations.     

Structural characterization of components of a mixture-characterization of a facile oxidation product of cryptolepinone in situ

The nmr analysis of a mixture of cryptolepinone and it's 5(N)-oxide in a 1.5:1 ratio is discussed. The differentiation of the resonances of the two similar compounds, and elucidation of the unknown 5(N)-oxide relied primarily on IDR-GHSQC-TOCSY data in conjunction with ROESY, GHSQC, and GHMBC experiments.     

Development of a Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Trigonelline and Diosgenin Biomarkers in Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Seeds Grown in Variable Environment

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - We have recently reported on the effect of the environmental conditions on the quantity of diosgenin. Attempts for the simultaneous...     

Broad Nematic Phases with High Clearing Points

Unbranched 4-(4′-alkylbenzoyloxy)-, 4-(4′-methylanlinobenzoyloxy)- and 4-(4′dime thylaminobenzoyloxy)benzylidene-4″-cyanoanmlines were synthesized. They show broad nematic phases with high nematic isotropic transitions. Lateral Clsubstituents decrease the clearing points of these liquid crystals by about 80°. The intermediate 4-(4′-alkylbenzoyloxy)benzaldehydes are monotropic nematic.     

Stable Liquid Crystals with Large Negative Dielectric Anisotropy. Part IV

Stable liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy containing the bicyclo [2.2.2]octyl group were synthesized. The incorporation of this moiety in the molecules increased the thermodynamic stability of the mesophase and lowered the smectic tendency. These new compounds can be useful in liquid crystal mixtures for homeotropic nematic displays.