Selective CO2 reduction into formate using Ln-Ta oxynitrides combined with a binuclear Ru(Ⅱ)complex under visible light

Hybrid materials constructed from a visible-light-absorbing semiconductor and a functional metal complex have attracted attention as efficient photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction with high selectivity to a desired product.In this work,defect fluorite-type Ln-Ta oxynitrides LnTaO_xN_y(Ln=Nd,Sm,Gd,Tb,Dy and Ho)were examined as the semiconductor component in a hybrid photocatalyst system combined with known Ag nanoparticle promoter and binuclear ruthenium(Ⅱ)complex(RuRu’).Among the LnTaO_xN_y examined,TbTaO_xN_y gave the highest performance for CO₂ reduction under visible light(k>400 nm),with a Ru Ru0-based turnover number of 18 and high selectivity to formate(>99%).Physicochemical analyses indicated that high crystallinity and more negative conduction band potential of Ln Ta O_xN_ywith the absence of Ln-4 f states in the band gap structure contributed to higher activity of the hybrid photocatalyst.     

The Classification of Rice Blast Resistant Seed Based on Ranman Spectroscopy and SVM

Rice blast is a serious threat to rice yield. Breeding disease-resistant varieties is one of the most economical and effective ways to prevent damage from rice blast. The traditional identification of resistant rice seeds has some shortcoming, such as long possession time, high cost and complex operation. The purpose of this study was to develop an optimal prediction model for determining resistant rice seeds using Ranman spectroscopy. First, the support vector machine (SVM), BP neural network (BP) and probabilistic neural network (PNN) models were initially established on the original spectral data. Second, due to the recognition accuracy of the Raw-SVM model, the running time was fast. The support vector machine model was selected for optimization, and four improved support vector machine models (ABC-SVM (artificial bee colony algorithm, ABC), IABC-SVM (improving the artificial bee colony algorithm, IABC), GSA-SVM (gravity search algorithm, GSA) and GWO-SVM (gray wolf algorithm, GWO)) were used to identify resistant rice seeds. The difference in modeling accuracy and running time between the improved support vector machine model established in feature wavelengths and full wavelengths (200–3202 cm⁻¹) was compared. Finally, five spectral preproccessing algorithms, Savitzky–Golay 1-Der (SGD), Savitzky–Golay Smoothing (SGS), baseline (Base), multivariate scatter correction (MSC) and standard normal variable (SNV), were used to preprocess the original spectra. The random forest algorithm (RF) was used to extract the characteristic wavelengths. After different spectral preproccessing algorithms and the RF feature extraction, the improved support vector machine models were established. The results show that the recognition accuracy of the optimal IABC-SVM model based on the original data was 71%. Among the five spectral preproccessing algorithms, the SNV algorithm’s accuracy was the best. The accuracy of the test set in the IABC-SVM model was 100%, and the running time was 13 s. After SNV algorithms and the RF feature extraction, the classification accuracy of the IABC-SVM model did not decrease, and the running time was shortened to 9 s. This demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of IABC in SVM parameter optimization, with higher prediction accuracy and better stability. Therefore, the improved support vector machine model based on Ranman spectroscopy can be applied to the fast and non-destructive identification of resistant rice seeds.     

Investigation Driven by Network Pharmacology on Potential Components and Mechanism of DGS,a Natural Vasoprotective Combination,for the Phytotherapy of Coronary Artery Disease

Phytotherapy offers obvious advantages in the intervention of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), but it is difficult to clarify the working mechanisms of the medicinal materials it uses. DGS is a natural vasoprotective combination that was screened out in our previous research, yet its potential components and mechanisms are unknown. Therefore, in this study, HPLC-MS and network pharmacology were employed to identify the active components and key signaling pathways of DGS. Transgenic zebrafish and HUVECs cell assays were used to evaluate the effectiveness of DGS. A total of 37 potentially active compounds were identified that interacted with 112 potential targets of CAD. Furthermore, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, relaxin, VEGF, and other signal pathways were determined to be the most promising DGS-mediated pathways. NO kit, ELISA, and Western blot results showed that DGS significantly promoted NO and VEGFA secretion via the upregulation of VEGFR2 expression and the phosphorylation of Akt, Erk1/2, and eNOS to cause angiogenesis and vasodilation. The result of dynamics molecular docking indicated that Salvianolic acid C may be a key active component of DGS in the treatment of CAD. In conclusion, this study has shed light on the network molecular mechanism of DGS for the intervention of CAD using a network pharmacology-driven strategy for the first time to aid in the intervention of CAD.     

A MALDI-MS sensing chip prepared by non-covalent assembly for quantitation of acid phosphatase

A novel sensing chip was designed for MALDI-MS quantitation of acid phosphatase(ACP).The ACP sensing chip was constructed through non-covalent interaction of streptavidin and biotin for the assembly of biotinylated peptide substrate on biotinylated polyethylene-glycol(PEG)modified indium-tin oxide(ITO)slide.In the presence of ACP,the peptide substrate was dephosphorylated under acidic condition to generate a new mass signal.The quantitative assay of ACP was achieved with the mass signal ratio of product to the sum of product and left peptide substrate.Under optimal detection conditions,the ratio was linearly correlated with the concentration of ACP in the range of 0.05–12 g/L with a detection limit(LOD)of 0.04 g/L.The designed ACP sensing chip has been used to analyze ACP in complex clinical samples,which exhibited high selectivity,good repeatability,and admirably anti-interference ability.This work further demonstrates the concept of MS sensing and the application of MALDI-MS in quantitative analysis,and provides a convenient method for the quantitation of proteases in clinical diagnosis.     

Steam-assisted crystallization of highly dispersed nanosized hierarchical zeolites from solid raw materials and their catalytic performance in lactide production

A solvent-free route based on solid raw materials affords higher product yield and lower waste production compared to the traditional hydrothermal synthesis. However, the as-made zeolites usually present blocky aggregation states, limiting their mass transfer and exposure of active sites in catalytic applications. Herein, highly dispersed nanosized hierarchical Beta zeolites with varied Si/Al ratios were prepared via steam-assisted crystallization from ball-milled solid raw materials. Thanks to the sufficient mixing of solid raw materials and favorable migration of solid mixture, nanosized Beta zeolites are obtained that are assembled from nanoparticles (∼15 nm) and possess abundant interconnected intraparticle mesopores. The strategy can also be extended to synthesize nanosized hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites. The as-prepared Beta zeolite (Si/Al = 10) exhibits outstanding catalytic performance in conversion of lactic acid to lactide (as high as 77.5% in yield). This work provides avenues for simple and cost-efficient synthesis of highly dispersed nanosized hierarchical zeolites, promising their important catalytic applications.

A cost-effective synthesis strategy based on steam-assisted crystallization from ball-milled solid raw materials is developed to prepare a highly dispersed nanosized hierarchical Beta zeolite for conversion of lactic acid (LA) to lactide (LT).     

Anisotropic Superconducting Properties of Kagome Metal CsV_3Sb_5

We systematically measure the superconducting(SC) and mixed state properties of high-quality CsV_3 Sb_5 single crystals with T_c～3.5 K.We find that the upper critical field H_(c2)(T) exhibits a large anisotropic ratio of H_(c2)~(ab)/H_(c2)~c～9 at zero temperature and fitting its temperature dependence requires a minimum two-band effective model.Moreover,the ratio of the lower critical field,H_(c1)~(ab)/H_(c1)~c,is also found to be larger than 1,which indicates that the in-plane energy dispersion is strongly renormalized near Fermi energy.Both H_(c1)(T) and SC diamagnetic signal are found to change little initially below T_c～3.5 K and then to increase abruptly upon cooling to a characteristic temperature of ～2.8 K.Furthermore,we identify a two-fold anisotropy of in-plane angular-dependent magnetoresistance in the mixed state.Interestingly,we find that,below the same characteristic T～2.8 K,the orientation of this two-fold anisotropy displays a peculiar twist by an angle of 60° characteristic of the Kagome geometry.Our results suggest an intriguing superconducting state emerging in the complex environment of Kagome lattice,which,at least,is partially driven by electron-electron correlation.     

USAEME-GC/MS Method for Easy and Sensitive Determination of Nine Bisphenol Analogues in Water and Wastewater

A new, simple and sensitive method for isolating nine compounds from the bisphenol group (analogues: A, B, C, E, F, G, Cl₂, Z, AP) based on one-step liquid–liquid microextraction with in situ acylation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed and validated using influent and effluent wastewaters. The chemometric approach based on the Taguchi method was used to optimize the main conditions of simultaneous extraction and derivatization. The recoveries of the proposed procedure ranged from 85 to 122%, and the repeatability expressed by the coefficient of variation did not exceed 8%. The method’s limits of detection were in the range of 0.4–64 ng/L, and the method’s limits of quantification ranged from 1.3 to 194 ng/L. The developed method was used to determine the presence of the tested compounds in wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in northeastern Poland. From this sample, eight analytes were detected. Concentrations of bisphenol A of 400 ng/L in influent and 100 ng/L in effluent were recorded, whereas other bisphenols reached 67 and 50 ng/L for influent and effluent, respectively. The removal efficiency of bisphenol analogues in the tested wastewater treatment plant ranged from 7 to approximately 88%.     

The First Online Capillary Electrophoresis-Microscale Thermophoresis (CE-MST) Method for the Analysis of Dynamic Equilibria—The Determination of the Acidity Constant of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate

This article presents the first successful application of a capillary electrophoresis-microscale thermophoresis tandem technique (CE-MST) for determining the values of equilibrium constant, realized by connecting online the CE and MST instruments using a fused-silica capillary. The acid-base dissociation of fluorescein isothiocyanate, expressed by the acidity constant value (pK_a), was used as a model. The measurement procedure consisted of introducing a mixture containing the analyte and a deliberately added interferent into the CE capillary, electrophoretic separation of the analyte from the interferent, the detection of the analyte with a CE-integrated detector, detection with a MST detector, and then stopping the flow temporarily by turning off the voltage source to conduct the thermophoretic measurement. The analysis of migration times, peak areas and MST responses obtained concurrently for the same sample allowed us to determine the pK_a value using three independent methods integrated within one instrumentation. The analyte was effectively separated from the interferent, and the acidity values turned out to be consistent with each other. An attempt was also made to replace the standard commercial CE instrument with a home-made portable CE setup. As a result, the similar pK_a value was obtained, at the same time proving the possibility of increasing cost efficiency and reducing energy consumption. Overall, the CE-MST technique has a number of limitations, but its unique analytical capabilities may be beneficial for some applications, especially when sample separation is needed prior to the thermophoretic measurement.     

Supramolecular encapsulation of redox-active monomers to enable free-radical polymerisation

Extended polymeric structures based on redox-active species are of great interest in emerging technologies related to energy conversion and storage. However, redox-active monomers tend to inhibit radical polymerisation processes and hence, increase polydispersity and reduce the average molecular weight of the resultant polymers. Here, we demonstrate that styrenic viologens, which do not undergo radical polymerisation effectively on their own, can be readily copolymerised in the presence of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles. The presented strategy relies on pre-encapsulation of the viologen monomers within the molecular cavities of the CB[n] macrocycle. Upon polymerisation, the molecular weight of the resultant polymer was found to be an order of magnitude higher and the polydispersity reduced 5-fold. The mechanism responsible for this enhancement was unveiled through comprehensive spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. A combination of solubilisation/stabilisation of reduced viologen species as well as protection of the parent viologens against reduction gives rise to the higher molar masses and reduced polydispersities. The presented study highlights the potential of CB[n]-based host–guest chemistry to control both the redox behavior of monomers as well as the kinetics of their radical polymerisation, which will open up new opportunities across myriad fields.

Extended polymeric structures based on redox-active species are of great interest in emerging technologies related to energy conversion and storage.

Polyviologens are redox-active polymers based on N-substituted bipyridinium derivatives which have emerged as promising materials for energy conversion and storage.^1–5 Their physicochemical properties can be adjusted through copolymerisation of the redox-active viologen monomers.^6–8 The resultant materials are stable, water soluble and exhibit fast electron transfer kinetics. Polyviologens have been commonly fabricated through step-growth polymerisation in linear and dendritic architectures,^9–13 as supramolecular polymers,^14–16 networks,^6,17,18 and covalent organic frameworks.^19,20 Alternatively, anionic/cationic or metathesis-based polymerisations are used to avoid interference of radical-stabilising monomers with the radical initiators, however, these techniques are highly water- and/or oxygen-sensitive.^21,22 When free-radical polymerisation (FRP) is conducted in the presence of viologen species, its reduction can cause a depletion of active radicals and thus disruption of the polymerisation process. Despite varying solvents, comonomers and initiator loadings, the direct FRP of viologen-containing monomers remains therefore limited to molar masses of 30 kDa.^23–25 Accessing higher molar masses has been possible via post-polymerisation modification,^26–28 which has impacted the electrochemical properties of the resultant materials.^29,30 Alternative strategies to access higher molar masses of redox-active polymers and control their polymerisation are highly desirable.Incorporation of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles have lead to a variety of functional materials through host–guest chemistry.^31–34 Moreover, the redox chemistry of viologens can be modulated through complexation with CB[n].^35–38 Specifically, CB[n] (n = 7, 8) can tune the redox potential of pristine viologens and efficiently sequester monoreduced viologen radical cations, avoiding precipitation in aqueous environments. Further to this, we recently demonstrated that the viologen radical cation is stabilised by −20 kcal mol⁻¹ when encapsulated in CB[7].³⁹Consequently, we envisioned that incorporating CB[n]s as additives prior to polymerisation could (i) overcome current limits in accessible molar masses, (ii) increase control over FRP of viologen-based monomers through encapsulation and (iii) enable separation of radical species avoiding aggregation.Here, we demonstrate a new approach to control FRP of redox-active monomers leading to high molar masses and decreased dispersity of the resultant polymers. In absence of CB[n], co-polymerisation of the N-styryl-N′-phenyl viologen monomer 1²⁺ and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) only occurs at high initiator loadings (>0.5 mol%, Fig. 1a), leading to low molecular weights and high polydispersity. Using our synthetic approach, 1²⁺ is efficiently copolymerised with DMAAm in the presence of CB[n] (n = 7, 8) macrocycles resulting in control of the polymer molar mass across a broad range, 4–500 kDa (Fig. 1b). Finally, CB[n] are successfully removed from the polymer via competitive host–guest binding and dialysis. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies revealed that solubilisation/stabilisation of the reduced species and/or shielding of the redox-active monomers from electron transfer processes was responsible for this enhancement.Open in a separate windowFig. 1Schematic representation of the investigated polymerisation. (a) Conventional free radical polymerisation either completely fails to copolymerise redox-active monomers (low initiator loading) or delivers copolymers with limited molar masses and high dispersities (high initiator loading). (b) CB[n]-mediated protection suppresses interference of viologen monomers with radicals formed through the initiation process facilitating copolymerisation. The molar mass of the resulting copolymers is readily tunable via the amount of present CB[n] macrocycles and the CB[n] is post-synthetically removed via competitive binding to yield the final copolymer with desired molar mass. Cl⁻ counter-ions are omitted for clarity.Recent studies on symmetric aryl viologens demonstrated 2 : 2 binding modes with CB[8] and high binding constants (up to K_a ∼ 10¹¹ M⁻²).^40,41 Incorporation of polymerisable vinyl moieties, in combination with the relatively static structure of their CB[n] host–guest complexes, was postulated to allow polymerisation without unfavorable side reactions. The asymmetric N-styryl-N′-phenyl viologen monomer 1²⁺ prepared for this study (Fig. S1a and S2–S13^†) displays a linear geometry and was predicted to bind CB[n] (n = 7, 8) in a 2 : 1 and 2 : 2 binding fashion (Fig. S1b^†).^40,42 Binding modes between CB[n] (n = 7, 8) and 1²⁺ were investigated through titration experiments (¹H NMR and ITC) which confirmed the formation of 1·(CB[7])₂ and (1)₂·(CB[8])₂ (see Fig. S25 and S26^†). ¹H NMR titration of CB[7] with 1²⁺ demonstrates encapsulation of both aryl moieties (including the vinyl group) through upfield chemical shifts of the respective signals (Fig. 2a). Similar upfield shifts were observed for CB[8] (Fig. 2c). Different para-aryl substituents (vinyl vs. hydrogen) resulted in either head-to-tail or head-to-head (1)₂·(CB[8])₂ dimers (Fig. S1b and S26^†), a previously reported phenomenon.⁴³ Nonetheless, the reversible nature of the complex renders the vinyl group temporarily available for copolymerisation. In the presence of CB[8], 1²⁺ yields polymer molar masses of up to 500 kDa as its complexation is more robust. ITC data confirmed binding stoichiometry, with binding constants of K_a = 2.64 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ for 1·(CB[7])₂ and K_a = 9.02 × 10¹⁰ M⁻² for (1)₂·(CB[8])₂ (Table S2, Fig. S29a and b^†).Open in a separate windowFig. 2Supramolecular complexation of 1²⁺ and CB[n]. ¹H NMR spectra of 1²⁺ at (a) χ_CB[7] = 2, (b) χ_CB[n] = 0 and (c) χ_CB[8] = 1 in D₂O. Cl⁻ counter-ions are omitted for clarity.The free radical copolymerisation of 1²⁺ and DMAAm ([M] = 2 M), in the absence of CB[n], was based on optimised DMAAm homopolymerisations (Fig. S14 and S15^†) and full conversion was confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy (Table S1 and Fig. S16^†). 1²⁺ was maintained at 1 mol% relative to DMAAm and by varying the radical initiator concentration molar masses of up to 30 kDa with broad dispersities (Đ = 11.4) were obtained (Fig. S17^†). Lower initiator concentrations (<0.25 mol%) limited polymerisation (M_n = 3.7 kDa) and size exclusion chromatography elution peaks exhibited extensive tailing, suggesting that 1²⁺ engages in radical transfer processes.To verify our hypothesis that CB[n] macrocycles can modulate the redox behavior of 1²⁺, FRP of 1²⁺ and DMAAm was conducted with varying amounts of CB[n] (n = 7, 8) (Fig. 3, S18 and S20^†). Full conversion of all monomers including their successful incorporation into the polymer was verified via¹H NMR spectroscopy and SEC (Fig. S18 and S21–S23^†). Using CB[7], the molar mass of the copolymers was tunable between M_n = 3.7–160 kDa (Fig. 3b and S21a^†). Importantly, in the presence of CB[8], a broad range of molar masses M_n = 3.7–500 kDa were accessible for 0 < χ_CB[8] < 1.2 (Fig. S20 and S21b^†). Increasing the CB[n] (n = 7, 8) concentration caused dispersity values to converge to Đ = 2.2 (χ_CB[8] = 1.2, χ is the ratio of CB[n] to the redox-active monomer, Fig. S20^†). The copolymers were purified by addition of adamantylamine (competitive binder) prior to dialysis to deliver CB[n]-free redox-active copolymers (Fig. S23^†).Open in a separate windowFig. 3(a) In situ copolymerisation of DMAAm with 1²⁺ and CB[7]. (b) Molar mass and dispersity vs. amount of CB[7] in the system. Fitted curve is drawn to guide the eye. Cl⁻ counter-ions are omitted for clarity.The range of molar masses obtainable through addition of CB[n] (n = 7, 8) correlated with the measured K_a (Fig. 3b and S20^†). Binding of 1²⁺ to CB[8] was stronger and therefore lower concentrations of CB[8] were required to shift the binding equilibrium and mitigate disruption of the polymerisation. Dispersity values reached a maximum at χ_CB[7] = 0.6 or χ_CB[8] = 0.3, suggesting 1⁺˙ is only partially encapsulated. Consequently, higher CB[n] concentrations can enable FRP with lower initiator concentrations (0.10 mol%, Fig. S19^†), which demonstrates the major role of complexation to modulate electron accepting properties of 1²⁺.The redox-active monomer 1²⁺ can engage with propagating primary radicals (P_m˙) to either be incorporated into the growing polymer chain (P_m–1²⁺˙) or to abstract an electron deactivating it (P_m). This deactivation likely occurs through oxidative termination producing 1⁺˙ (energetic sink), inactive oligo- and/or polymer chains (P_m) and a proton H⁺, causing retardation of the overall polymerisation. Oxidative terminations have been previously observed in aqueous polymerisations of methyl methacrylate, styrenes and acrylonitriles that make use of redox initiator systems.^44–47 Another example by Das et al. investigated the use of methylene blue as a retarder, with the primary radical being transferred to a methylene blue electron acceptor via oxidative termination, altogether supporting the outlined mechanism of our system (extended discussion see ESI, Section 1.4^†).⁴⁸The process of retardation can, however, be successfully suppressed, when monomer 1²⁺ is encapsulated within CB[n] macrocycles. Herein the formation of 1·(CB[7])₂ or (1)₂·(CB[8])₂ results in shielding of the redox-active component of 1²⁺ from other radicals within the system, hampering other electron transfer reactions. This inhibits termination and results in extended polymerisation processes leading to higher molar mass polymers through mitigation of radical transfer reactions. Moreover, suppressing the formation of 1⁺˙ through supramolecular encapsulation minimises both π and σ dimerisation of the emerging viologen radical species,³⁹ preventing any further reactions that could impact the molar mass or polydispersity of the resulting polymers.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis titration experiments were conducted to provide insight into the impact of CB[n] on the redox behavior and control over FRP of 1²⁺. Excess of CB[n] (n = 7, 8) towards 1²⁺ resulted in a complete suppression of electron transfer processes (Fig. S31 and S32^†). Initially, 1²⁺ shows a quasi-reversible reduction wave at −0.44 V forming 1⁺˙ (Fig. 4a). Increasing χ_CB[7], this reduction peak decreases and shifts towards more negative potentials (−0.51 V, χ_CB[7] = 1) accompanied by the formation of 1²⁺·(CB[7])₁. A second cathodic peak emerges at −0.75 V due to the increased formation of 1²⁺·(CB[7])₂. At χ_CB[7] = 2, this peak shifts to −0.80 V, where it reaches maximum intensity, once 1²⁺·(CB[7])₂ is the dominating species in solution. When 2 < χ_CB[7] < 4, the intensity of the reduction peak decreases and the complexation equilibrium is shifted towards the bound state, complete suppression of the reduction peak occurs at χ_CB[7] = 4. Similarly, the oxidation wave intensity is reduced by 95% at χ_CB[7] = 4 causing suppression of potential oxidative radical transfer processes (Fig. 4c).Open in a separate windowFig. 4Mechanism of the CB[n]-mediated (n = 7, 8) strategy for the controlled copolymerisation of redox-active monomer 1²⁺. (a) Cyclic voltammogram with varying amounts of CB[7]. (b) UV-Vis titration of 1²⁺ with varying amounts of CB[7]. (c) Intensity decay of the oxidation peak at −0.27 V and change in absorption maximum of 1⁺˙ at 590 nm vs. χ_CB[7]. (d) Electron transfer processes of 1²⁺ to generate 1⁺˙ and 1⁰. (e) Reduction of 1²⁺ resulting in precipitation of 1⁰. (f) Stabilisation of 1⁺˙ through encapsulation with CB[7]. (g) Protection of 1²⁺ from redox processes through CB[7]-mediated encapsulation.The concentration of 1⁺˙ can be monitored using UV-Vis (Fig. 4b and S34^†).⁴⁹ Absorbance at 590 nm (λ_max) vs. χ_CB[7] was plotted and the concentration of 1⁺˙ increases, reaching a maximum at χ_CB[7] = 4 (Fig. 4c). When χ_CB[7] > 4, a decrease in concentration of 1⁺˙ was observed. We postulate the following mechanism: at χ_CB[7] = 0, 1²⁺ is reduced to produce high concentrations of 1⁺˙ that partially disproportionates to form 1⁰, which precipitates (Fig. 4e and S34^†). When 0 < χ_CB[7] < 4, increasing amounts of green 1⁺˙ are stabilised through encapsulation within CB[7] suppressing disproportionation (Fig. 4c (cuvette pictures), Fig. 4f). For χ_CB[7] > 4, 1²⁺ is protected from reduction through encapsulation (Fig. 4g).To further demonstrate applicability of this strategy, we chose another viologen-based monomer 2²⁺ for copolymerisation (Fig. 5a). As opposed to 1²⁺, CB binds predominantly to the styryl moiety of 2²⁺ (Fig. S27 and S28^†).⁵⁰ ITC data showed that 2²⁺ binds CB[7] in a 1 : 1 fashion with a binding affinity of K_a = 2.32 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (Fig. S30 and Table S2^†). Monomer 2²⁺ was also analysed via CV and showed three reversible reduction waves at −0.91 V, −0.61 V (viologen) and 0.40 V (styrene). Similar to 1²⁺, excess CB[7] selectively protects the molecule from redox processes, while the vinyl moiety remains accessible (Fig. 5a, S33c and d^†). For CB[8], only partial suppression of electron transfer processes was observed (Fig. S33e and f^†). We therefore chose CB[7] as an additive to increase control over FRP of 2²⁺ (Fig. 5b). Copolymerisation of 2²⁺ (1 mol%) and DMAAm ([M] = 2 M) at χ_CB[7] = 0 resulted in M_n = 28 kDa. When χ_CB[7] = 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3, M_n increased gradually from 124 to 230 and 313 kDa, respectively, demonstrating the potential of this strategy for FRP of redox-active monomers. Higher percentages of CB[7] led to copolymers with presumably higher molar masses causing a drastic decrease in solubility that prevented further analysis. Investigations on a broader spectrum of such copolymers, including those with higher contents of 2²⁺ are currently ongoing.Open in a separate windowFig. 5(a) Cyclic voltammogram of viologen-containing monomer 2²⁺ and its complexation with CB[n] (n = 7, 8) at a concentration of 1 mM using a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹ in 0.1 mM NaCl solution. (b) Molar mass and dispersity of 2²⁺-containing copolymers vs. equivalents of CB[7]. Cl⁻ counter-ions are omitted for clarity.In conclusion, we report a supramolecular strategy to induce control over the free radical polymerisation of redox-active building blocks, unlocking high molar masses and reducing polydispersity of the resulting polymers. Through the use of CB[n] macrocycles (n = 7, 8) for the copolymerisation of styrenic viologen 1²⁺, a broad range of molar masses between 3.7–500 kDa becomes accessible. Our mechanistic investigations elucidated that the redox behavior of monomer 1²⁺ is dominated by either CB[n]-mediated stabilisation of monoradical cationic species or protection of the encapsulated pyridinium species from reduction. In the stabilisation regime (χ_CB[7] < 4), 1²⁺ is reduced to form the radical cation 1⁺˙, which is subsequently stabilised through CB[7] encapsulation. Upon reaching a critical concentration of CB[7] (χ_CB[7] > 4), the system enters a protection-dominated regime, where reduction of 1²⁺ is suppressed and the concentration of 1⁺˙ diminishes. The resulting copolymers can be purified by use of a competitive binder to remove CB[n] macrocycles from the product. This strategy was successfully translated to a structurally different redox-active monomer that suffered similar limitations. We believe that the reported strategy of copolymerisation of redox-active monomers will open new avenues in the synthesis of functional materials for energy conversion and storage as well as for applications in electrochromic devices and (nano)electronics.     

Molecular-scale drug delivery systems loaded with oxaliplatin for supramolecular chemotherapy

Smart strategies that can decrease the side effect and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy are in urgent need to meet the special demands of cance r therapy.Herein,two wate r-soluble macrocyclic hosts,i.e.,a carboxylated leaning tower[6]arene(CLT6) and a carboxylated [2]biphenyl-extended pillar[6]arene(CBpP6),are used to load chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin(OxPt) by forming inclusion complexes(OxPt■CLT6 and OxPt■CBpP6) through host-guest interactions.Interestingly,OxPt can be released from the macrocyclic cavities of these drug delivery systems(DDSs) via the competitive binding effect of spermine(SPM) because of the stronger binding abilities of CLT6/CBpP6 toward SPM as compared with OxPt,leading to enhanced cytotoxicity on SPM-overexpressed cancer cells,such as breast cancer MCF-7 cells.Moreover,compared to free OxPt,due to the low concentration of SPM in normal cells,OxPt■CGT6 and OxPt■CBpP6 demonstrated a decreased cytotoxicity on liver L02 cells,which is beneficial fo r reducing the side effect of anticancer drug during chemotherapy.Such a strategy might be extended to other antitumor drugs and water-soluble macrocycles with suitable cavity sizes to achieve controllable drug delivery and enhanced anticancer ability in supramolecular chemotherapy