Measured and calculated vertical structure of a sound field in the ocean

Results of measuring the monochromatic sound field with a dipping probe in the deep ocean are presented. The sound speed profile in the region of measurements had a minimum at a depth of 1600 m. The experiment was carried out in the Atlantic Ocean with the use of two vessels separated by a distance of approximately four ray cycles (～240 km). The experimental data are compared with the calculations based on a new concept of the Brillouin waves for describing the vertical structure of the sound field produced by rays. It is shown that a satisfactory agreement between experiment and calculation can be achieved by fitting the parameters of the experiment. Such a procedure allows one to refine or even to determine the experimental conditions, which not are always known. The proposed method of calculation offers an opportunity for solving inverse problems of ocean acoustics.     

Effects of localization of the areas of sound scattering by surface wind waves

Experimental studies of the scattering of a monochromatic sound signal by a rough sea surface are carried out. The signal is produced by a point source in a shallow-water basin. The measurements are performed with the use of horizontal and vertical linear receiving arrays. The experimental data are compared with the estimates obtained on the basis of the model developed by the authors for resonant sound scattering by surface roughness. A satisfactory agreement between the experiments and the calculations is achieved. It is shown that the scattered signal is formed within small surface areas, whose sizes have the same order of magnitude as the first Fresnel zone with respect to the source and the receiving system.     

Effect of purification on the electron structure and field emission characteristics of a carbonaceous material containing single-wall carbon nanotubes

A carbonaceous material containing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been synthesized by arc-discharge evaporation of graphite with a catalytic additive of nickel and cobalt powders. The synthesized SWNTs were purified from an amorphous carbon component (soot) and the catalyst particles by boiling in nitric acid. A comparison of the X-ray fluorescence spectra measured before and after this treatment showed that acid etching significantly decreased the content of soot in the material. The material enriched with SWNTs is characterized by a reduced threshold for the appearance of the field emission current, which is explained by a decrease in the screening effect of soot. The current-voltage characteristics of SWNTs exhibit a hysteresis, which is suggested to be due to the adsorption of molecules and radicals on the surface and at the ends of carbon nanotubes.     

DX<Superscript>−</Superscript> center formation in planar-doped GaAs:Si in strong electric fields

The kinetics of current decay and partial restoration in planar doped GaAs:Si due to the formation of DX^? centers in strong electric fields has been experimentally studied. The existence of thresholds with respect to the field strength and donor concentration is explained. A model of the DX^? center formation is proposed, which is based on the notions about variation of the depth and width of a potential well created by planar doping, caused by the redistribution of hot electrons between quantum confinement subbands. As a result, the energy level of DX^? centers, which is situated above the potential well depth in the absence of strong field, decreases and falls within the potential well. This makes possible the DX^? center formation, provided that hot electrons, occupying the resonance electron levels in the conduction band, simultaneously excite local vibrational modes.     

Collision operator for relativistic electrons in a cold gas of atomic particles

The collision operator of relativistic electrons with a cold gas of atomic particles is derived consistently taking into account elastic interactions, excitation of electron shells, and ionization. The creation of secondary electrons is described accurately. In the range of energies exceeding the binding energy of atomic electrons, the operator implicates only the angular scattering by nuclei and the ionization integral that automatically allows for scattering by atomic electrons. The collision operator used earlier for studying the kinetics of avalanches of relativistic runaway electrons is analyzed. A more exact operator derived in the present study is simpler in form and saves time in computer calculations.     

Simulation of mass transfer in systems with isotropic pair correlation of particles

Results of a numerical analysis of mass transfer in systems of macroscopic particles with various isotropic interaction potentials are presented. Parameters that determine transport properties of nonideal dissipative systems are obtained for a broad class of model potentials. An approximate expression for the diffusivity of interacting particles is proposed. The relationship between diffusivity and viscosity is analyzed for strongly nonideal systems.