Effects of vitrification suppression on structure morphology, conductivity and dielectric properties of vanadium phosphate glasses

Vitrification suppression in the (V₂O₅)_1−x (P₂O₅)_x glasses where x=0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 was controlled by changing the rate of quenching glasses. The structure variations occurring in the glasses were detected by differential thermal analysis and optical microscope. The results implied the separation and growth of V₂O₅ orthorhombic microcrystal in the samples with x=0.10 and 0.15 whereas other samples did not illustrate remarkable changes in their microstructure. However, in temperature range between 300 and 473 K a semiconducting behavior for all samples appears during the study of electrical conductivity-temperature dependence. A decrease in conductivity values accompanied with some variations in activation energies by reducing quenching rate was observed. The conductivity results suggested that the conduction occurs by the phonon assisted hopping of a small polaron between V⁴⁺ and V⁵⁺ states at relatively higher temperature range above θ_D/2. Whereas at relatively low temperatures the conduction may occur by electron jumping between filled and empty states at Fermi level in the disordered matrix besides polaronic conduction. Reasonable values for the density of localized states, carrier concentration and carrier mobility were estimated and discussed. Also, dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied as a function of frequency at different temperatures confirming the structure variations in the glass system.     

The non-isotropic character of electric and dielectric properties of ammonium zinc chloride crystal

The dielectric constant, ε, and the d.c. conductivity, σ, were measured along the a-, b- and c-axes of (NH₄)₂ZnCl₄ (AZC) crystal in the 300-450 K temperature range. Crystals of AZC grown from aqueous solutions containing excess of ZnCl₂ were used. The value of the dielectric permittivity of AZC is extremely small compared to other ferroelectric crystals. Pronounced broad or step-like peaks at the phase transition temperatures were detected along the a- and b-axes, while ε along the c-axis is temperature independent up to the end of the measuring range. Reciprocal of the dielectric permittivity in the range of the commensurate to incommensurate phase transition obeys a relation similar to the Curie-Weiss law that is valid for second order ferroelectric/paraelectric phase transitions. The constants of the proposed relationship applied to the cooling run are given. The J-E characteristics along the three crystallographic axes were measured in the normal, incommensurate, commensurate and antiferroelectric phases. Hence, the type of conduction mechanism has been estimated. Parameters of Poole-Frenkel and Richardson-Schottky types of conduction mechanism have been determined. The effect of applied electric field on the conductivity measurement was also tested. Conductivity anomalies with different character were observed at the phase transition temperatures. The lnσ−1000/T dependence revealed thermal activation energy of conduction along the a-, b- and c-axes with different values in different phases of AZC.     

Defect clusters in titanium-substituted spinel-related lithium ferrite

The cation distribution in spinel-related titanium-substituted lithium ferrite, Li_0.5+0.5xFe_2.5−1.5xTi_xO₄ has been explored using interatomic potential and ab initio calculations. The results suggest that the cation distribution with Ti⁴⁺ substituting for Fe³⁺ on octahedral B sites and excess Li⁺ substituting for Fe³⁺ on tetrahedral A sites is stabilised by the formation of clusters of two octahedrally coordinated Ti⁴⁺ ions and one tetrahedrally coordinated Li⁺ ion linked through a common oxygen.     

T-duality in Affine NA Toda Models

The construction of non-Abelian affine Toda models is discussed in terms of its underlying Lie algebraic structure. It is shown that a subclass of such non-conformal two-dimensional integrable models naturally leads to the construction of a pair of actions, which share the same spectra and are related by canonical transformations.     

Time-resolved imaging of latent fingerprints with nanosecond resolution

Imaging of latent fingerprints using time-resolved (TR) method offers a broader platform to eliminate the unwanted background emission. In this paper, a novel TR imaging technique is demonstrated and implemented, which facilitates the detection of latent fingerprints with nanosecond resolution. Simulated experiments were carried out with two overlapping fingerprints treated with two fluorescent powders having different lifetimes in nanosecond range. The dependence of the fluorescence emission intensity in nanosecond resolution of TR imaging is also revealed.     

Numerical calculations of temperature distribution of double layer metallic surface treated by laser beams

A mathematical model of laser beam treatment of double layer alloys (Ni/Fe, Al/Fe and Cr/Fe systems) describing the effect of laser beam on different physical and geometrical parameters of coated layer system has been adapted. The numerical solutions of the non-homogeneous heat-transport differential equation could estimate the temperature of the treated region.The suggested model allows investigation of the temperature distribution as a function of treated surface and laser parameters. The physical parameters of the treated materials were taken as functions of temperature due to the change in the temperature of the treated double layer materials.     

A brief semi-quantitative discussion on electrical conductance through resonant states in metallic electrochemical nanowires

Some aspects of electrical conduction through resonant states in metallic electrochemical nanowires are briefly discussed in a semi-quantitative way by means of concepts associated with electron gas, conductance quantization, and Fermi energy level. Aspects related to some experimental data are also discussed.     

JET: Preparing the future in fusion

JET (Joint European Torus) is the largest tokamak in the world and the only fusion facility able to operate with Tritium, the fusion fuel, and Beryllium, the ITER first wall material. JET also features the most complete remote handling equipment for invessel maintenance. As a multinational research center, JET provides logistic experience in preparing for operation of the global facility, tokamak ITER.Experiments on JET are focused on ITER-relevant studies, in particular on detailing the operational scenarios (EL My H-modes and advanced regimes), on enhancing the heating systems, on developing diagnostics for burning plasmas etc. Pioneering real-time control techniques have been implemented that maximize performance and minimize internal disturbances of JET plasmas. In helium plasmas, ion cyclotron heating (ICRH) created fast α-particles, mimicking their populations in future burning plasmas. The recent successful Trace Tritium campaign provided important new data on fuel transport. Current enhancements on JET include a new ITER-like ELM-resilient high power ICRH antenna (7 MW) and over twenty new diagnostics that will further extend the JET scientific capabilities and push the facility even closer to the ITER parameters.A special mention is given to the involvement of the fusion experts from Association EURATOM-IPP.CR, who have been actively participating in the collective use of JET facility for more than three years.     

Adaptation of selected diagnostic techniques to magnetic confinement fusion experiments

The paper concerns several diagnostic techniques, which have been used in pulsed-power plasma experiments, i.e. Plasma-Focus and Z-Pinch devices, and which can be adapted to studies of Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) facilities, e.g. Stellarators and Tokamaks. The application of Nuclear Track Detectors (NTDs) for time-integrated ion measurements in MCF experiments is described and the use of such detectors for time-resolved ion measurements is discussed. The application of special ?erenkov-type detectors for time resolved measurements of fast runaway electrons is considered. Also discussed is the use of selected nuclear reactions for measurements of fusion products, e.g. fast neutrons.