Synthesis, structure and reactivity of palladium(II) complexes of chiral N-heterocyclic carbene-imine and -amine hybrid ligands

The synthesis and structures of chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-N-donor complexes of silver(I) and palladium(II) are reported. The X-ray structure of an NHC-imine silver(I) complex [((nPr)CN(CHPh))AgBr](2) exhibits an Ag(2)Br(2) dimer motif where the imine group is not coordinated to the silver atom. Reaction between 2 and [PdCl(2)(MeCN)(2)] gives the palladium(II) complex [(kappa(2)-(nPr)CN(CHPh))PdCl(2)](3) that contains a chelating NHC-imine ligand as shown by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Slow hydrolysis of related complexes [(kappa(2)-(nPr)CN(CHPh))PdCl(2)](3) and [(kappa(2)-((Ph)(2)CH)CN(CHPh))PdCl(2)](4) using triethylammonium chloride and water lead to the precipitation of single crystals of insoluble NHC-amino palladium(II) complexes [(kappa(2)-(nPr)CN(H(2)))PdCl(2)](6) and [(kappa(2)-((Ph)(2)CH)CN(H(2)))PdCl(2)](7), respectively. In the solid state, complexes 6 and 7 both exhibit intermolecular hydrogen bonding between chlorine and an amino-hydrogen atom resulting in an infinite chain structure. Substitution of an amino hydrogen for an ethyl group gives the soluble complex [(kappa(2)-(iPr)CN((H)Et))PdCl(2)](12). Reaction between two equivalents of 2 and [PdCl(2)(MeCN)(2)] gives the di-NHC complex [(kappa(1)-(nPr)CN(CHPh))(2)PdCl(2)](5) that does not contain a coordinated imine as shown by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Conproportionation between 5 and an equivalent of [PdCl(2)(MeCN)(2)] to does not occur at temperatures up to 100 degrees C in CD(3)CN.     

Fluorination of tertiary alcohols derived from di-O-isopropylidenehexofuranose and O-isopropylidenepentofuranose

The stereo- and regioselectivity of the dehydroxyfluorination of various tertiary alcohols derived from di-O-isopropylidenehexofuranose and 1,2-O-isopropylidenepentofuranose has been studied. Reactions have been accomplished using DAST and PFPDEA (1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene-diethylamine adduct) as fluorinating reagents. Dehydroxyfluorination of allylic alcohol 2a has occurred with an inversion of configuration and allylic rearrangement leading to two chiral regioisomers 6a and 7a. Analogous reaction of 2b has given allylic chiral fluoride 7b as the only product. In case of phenylacetylene, styryl and benzylic alcohols 3a/3b-5a/5b the single diastereoisomers 8a/8b-10a/10b have been obtained. Additionally, the participation of 1,2-O-substituent effect in carbocation stabilization during fluorination have been discussed.     

Living anionic ring-opening polymerization of 1,1-dipropylsilacyclobutane

Synthesis and living anionic ring-opening polymerization of 1,1-dipropylsilacyclobutane are reported. High molecular weight poly(dipropylsilylenepropylene) up to M _n = 83900 g/mol (SEC/PS standards) with low polydispersity (M _w/M _n = 1.11 to 1.22) was obtained at −20°C. End functionalization of poly-(dipropylsilylenepropylene) with chlorodimethylvinylsilane and synthesis of block copolymers with styrene was achieved. The polymers were characterized with NMR, SEC, MALDI-TOF and DSC.     

Stochastic resonance to control diffusive motion in chemistry

This paper reports on a novel procedure to tune the effective diffusion coefficient of a field-sensitive reactant in the presence of a periodic external field. We investigate the motion of two negatively charged azo dyes interacting with alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) upon action of a periodic square wave electrical field. We show that the dyes exhibit an effective diffusion coefficient D(eff) that depends on the rate constants for dye complexation within alpha-CD, the period and the amplitude of the field. UV-vis absorption, gradient field (1)H NMR, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) after two photon excitation are used to evidence that D(eff) may be increased far beyond its intrinsic value when specific relations interpreted as a stochastic resonance are fulfilled. The present results may find useful applications in chemical kinetics as well as for molecular sorting.     

Direct quantification of ethyl carbamate in distilled alcoholic beverages using a cold capillary injection system and optimised selected ion monitoring

Summary An integrated procedure is described which allows direct injection quantitative screening to single figure parts per billion (g/L) levels of ethyl carbamate in the natural matrix of distilled alcoholic beverage. Injection and detection performance was studied and optimized to allow this routine, reproducible, trace analysis without any sample pre-treatment. All aspects of the analysis including autosampler run sequences and automated internal standard report generation are initiated and controlled from a single GC/MS workstation.Excerpt from the Ph. D. Thesis (in preparation) of K. MacNamara, Universität Karlsruhe     

Natural flavours of wine: correlation between instrumental analysis and sensory perception

Summary The aroma of wine consists of 600 to 800 aroma compounds from which especially those, typical for the variety, are already present in the grapes. The aroma extracts — received by extraction with trichlorofluoromethane — are separated by gas chromatography. There are significant varietal differences between the aromagrams (fingerprint pattern). Thus the amount of some flavour compounds (key substances) shows typical dependence on the variety. Especially monoterpene compounds play an important role in the differentiation of wine varieties.The German white wines can be differentiated into three groups only by quantitative determination of 12 monoterpenes (terpene profile). These groups are: Riesling type, Muscat type and Silvaner-Weißburgunder type. Such terpene profiles are also useful for the separation of real Riesling wines from others called Riesling (e.g. Welschriesling, Kap Riesling, Emerald Riesling) but not produced from grapes of the variety Riesling. Including further components and by means of statistical methods as for example linear discriminant analysis even the different varieties within the mentioned groups (for instance the Riesling-group: Riesling, Kerner, Ehrenfelser, Bacchus, Müller-Thurgau) can be separated from each other.To identify compounds causing off-flavours the sniffing technique is the method of choice. The off-flavour is pinpointed during gas chromatography separation of the complex aroma mixture by effluent sniffing. Once allocated, the chemical nature of the off-flavours is elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Substances contributing to the green pepper taint, the strawberry note, mousiness, corkiness etc. in wine could be found in this way.     

Eignung der eindimensionalen immunologischen Geldiffusion nach Oudin zur quantitativen Erfassung von K?rpereiwei?en

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Measurements referring to plasma focus scaling laws

In order to establish scaling laws and characteristic curves of a plasma focus device, the neutron output was measured as a function of the deuterium filling pressure, accelerator length and capacitor energy.