“The hidden power and competitive advantage of applying green chemistry metrics”

Green chemistry (GC) metrics provide insight into the relative waste, time and cost implications of pharmaceutical chemical processes and serve to guide scientists in the strategic application of resources to develop more efficient and sustainable processes. Examples of the application of GC metrics in evaluating pharmaceutical process efficiency and the subsequent development toward improvement exist in abundance from journals such as Organic Process Research and Development, Green Chemistry, or as encompassed by the winning examples from the ACS GCI Pharmaceutical Roundtable's [1] Peter J. Dunn award [2] or the US EPA's Green Chemistry Challenge award [3]. By their nature, GC metrics are continuously evolving but justify the necessary, unceasing investment in understanding and application as they offer unique, opportunistic insight serving to guide scientific resource deployment when developing greener pharmaceutical, chemical processes.     

Cyanines comprising barbiturate group facilitate NIR-light assisted ATRP under anaerobic and aerobic conditions at two wavelengths using Fe(III) catalyst

Cyanines with heptamethine pattern namely 5-(6-(2-(3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-1H-benzo[e]indol-2(3H)-ylidene)ethylidene)-2-(2-(3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-1H-benzo[e]indol-3-ium-2yl) vinyl) cyclo-hex-1-en-1-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-olate comprising a barbiturate group facilitate controlled radical polymerization using FeBr₃ in the ppm range applying radiation at 790 nm. Tris(4-methoylphenyl)phosphine, Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine or tetrabutylammonium bromide served as ligand. The latter showed the best performance resulting in a system needing no amino nitrogen for photo-ATRP. Ethyl α-bromophenylacetate worked as initiator. The cyanine interacts with FeBr₃ resulting in a new absorption band at 877 nm that also resulted in formation of polymer exhibiting similar molecular weight but higher dispersity compared to that obtained by 790 nm radiation by exposure with a light-emitting diode (LED) emitting at 870 nm. This explains the reactivity of the system while other cyanines such as 2-[2-[3-[2-(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-ethylidene]-2-(1-phenyl- 1H-tetrazol-5-ylsulfanyl)-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]-ethenyl]-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium chloride showed no activity by exposure at 790 nm in combination with FeBr₃/Br⁻. Controlled radical polymerization was confirmed by successful chain extension and block copolymerization experiments resulting in polymers, which exhibit a dispersity of about 1.3. Interestingly, the new system comprising the aforementioned barbiturate substituted cyanine, FeBr₃/Br⁻ and ethyl α-bromophenylacetate showed a certain oxygen tolerance. Polymers obtained exhibited similar dispersity as those made under inert conditions.     

Synthesis,structure, and properties of 2-[(4,6-di-tert-butyl-2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)thio]acetic acid amides

Russian Chemical Bulletin - New potential biologically active derivatives, in which the sterically hindered pyrocatechol moiety is linked through a 2-thioacetyl covalent bridge to a number of...     

Synthesis and biological properties of novel structural analogs of isothiobarbamine

Russian Chemical Bulletin - Novel structural analogs of isothiobarbamine, which differ from the prototype scaffold by the substituent at position 2 of the pyrimidine heterocycle, were for the first...     

Kinetic regularities of thermal decomposition of polycarbonate films containing Pt,Au, Ag,and Ni nanoparticles

Russian Chemical Bulletin - The kinetic regularities of thermal destruction of polycarbonate films containing Pt, Au, Ag, and Ni nanoparticles were studied. Scanning and transmission electron...     

Photoconversions of 15-crown-5-containing styryl dye and its complex with barium cation in the presence of cucurbit[7,8]urils

Russian Chemical Bulletin - Photophysical processes and photochemical reactions of a 15-crown-5-containing styryl dye of the pyridine series and its complexes with barium perchlorate in water in...     

Transport Numbers of Singly-, Doubly- and Triply-Charged Cations in Porous Glasses

Colloid Journal - Transport numbers of sodium, nickel, and lanthanum counterions have been studied in microporous (average pore radius is r = 2–3.4 nm) and macroporous (r = 16–27 nm)...     

Redox conversions of new antiviral drug Triazavirin®: electrochemical study and ESR spectroscopy

Russian Chemical Bulletin - The results of studying electrochemical conversions of 7-R-3-X-1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]-triazin-4-ones (Triazavirin® and its derivatives) using cyclic...     

Tensimetric Study of the Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptan-3,5-dionato)yttrium(III) Dissociation in a Gas Phase

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - The saturated and unsaturated vapor pressures of tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato)yttrium(III), Y(thd)3, were measured by the static method with a...     

Synthesis of Salts and Ionic Liquids on the Basis of 2-Aminothiazolium Cations

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - The base-free reactions of 2-aminothiazole with α-iodoketones were studied. Depending on the reaction conditions, linear or cyclic 2-aminothiazolium...