Eco-friendly rapid synthesis of 3-substituted-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones in choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent

A series of 3-substituted-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones and 6-iodo-3-substituted-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones were synthesized in choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvent. Substituted 2-mercapto-4(3H)-quinazolinones were synthesized from anthranilic acid or 5-iodoanthranilic acid and appropriate isothiocyanates in good to excellent yields. Isolation of final product was easy and required no further purification. Synthesis of these compounds was rapid, selective, and catalyst free, while preparation of deep eutectic solvent was easy, components are readily available, cheap, and environmentally friendly.     

Integration of functional myotubes with a Bio-MEMS device for non-invasive interrogation

We have developed a biological micro-electromechanical system (Bio-MEMS) device consisting of surface-modified microfabricated silicon cantilevers and an AFM detection apparatus for the study of cultured myotubes. With this system we are able to selectively stimulate the myotubes as well as report on a variety of physiological properties of the myotubes in real time and in a high-throughput manner. This system will serve as the foundation for future work integrating multiple tissue types for the creation of Bio-MEMS analogues of complex tissues and biological circuits.     

Xylanase and Ultrasound Assisted Pulping of Wheat Straw

In the present work, a novel approach to pretreat wheat straw pulping was investigated with ultrasound and xylanase to achieve maximum reduction in lignin content. Sequential xylanase pretreatment and alkaline pulping was found to reduce kappa number by 0.31 to 4.84?% compared with only alkaline pulping alone at different pulping conditions. Although Klason lignin of ultrasound-treated straw was found to be 7.37?% less compared with untreated straw, sequential ultrasound pretreatment and alkaline pulping could not show any significant reduction in kappa number compared with alkaline pulping alone. Also, sequential xylanase and ultrasound pretreatment could not show any significant reduction in kappa number. Total yield of the pulp was found to be less in ultrasound-assisted processing compared with both alkaline pulping alone and sequential xylanase pretreatment and alkaline pulping.     

Towards an easy carbon dioxide reduction in aqueous solution

Abstract

The homogeneous hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into formate anion has been investigated in aqueous solution, using water soluble ruthenium(1I)-phosphine (meta-monosulphonated triphenylphosphine, TPPMS; and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane, PTA) complexes as catalysts. These reactions take place in amine free medium under mild conditions, bicarbonate anion is more active than carbon dioxide in the reduction. The initial turnover frequenc of the reduction increases with increasing H₂ pressure, as it was observed in situ by C and 'H NMR spectroscopy. High pressure FT-IR were used to find evidence for the formation of the catalytically active ruthenium hydride species.     

Monitoring the Air Influence on Cement–Lime Mortar Hydration Using Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry

In the present study, we investigate the relationship between the nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation rate and the hydration time in two types of masonry cement-lime mortar. The studies are performed with the mortars both in an enclosed and a standard atmosphere to monitor the air influence on cement-lime mortar hydration and setting. The constituents of the investigated mortar samples are: cement, slaked lime, sand and water. They were mixed to achieve a flow spread of 10?cm. These types of mortars are usually suitable for historical masonry maintenance, but they can also be used for modern buildings, or even for concrete structures coatings to prevent concrete carbonation. All nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation experiments were performed at 20?°C using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance instrument operable at 20?MHz proton resonance frequency. A slowing down of the hydration kinetics is demonstrated for the samples kept in closed atmosphere conditions. The results contribute to the understanding of cement–lime mortar hydration, carbonation and setting under closed atmosphere conditions.     

A novel potential: the interlayer potential for the fcc (111) plane family

We propose a novel interlayer potential, which is different from usual interatomic potentials. The interlayer potential represents the interaction between atomic layers in a layered material. Based on the Chen-M?bius inversion method in combination with ab initio calculations, the interlayer interactions are obtained for the face centered cubic (fcc) (111) planes. In order to check the validity of our interlayer potential, we calculate the intrinsic stacking fault energy (γ(sf)) and the surface energy (γ(s)) of five metals: Al, Ni, Cu, Ag and Au. The predicted γ(sf) and γ(s) values are compared with the theoretical results obtained from direct calculations and also with the available experimental data. Using the interlayer potentials, we also investigate the phonon dispersion and phonon density of state in the fcc (111) plane family of the considered metals.     

Extraction of kinetic freeze-out properties and effect of resonance decays

We present STAR results from identified particle spectra measured in $\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 62.4$ GEV Au-Au collisions. Particle production and system dynamics are compared to results at $\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200$ GeV. We extract kinetic and chemical freeze-out parameters using blast wave model parametrization and statistical model. We discuss the effect of resonance decays on the extracted kinetic freeze-out parameters.     

Effects of Coumarinyl Schiff Bases against Phytopathogenic Fungi,the Soil-Beneficial Bacteria and Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Deeper Insight into the Mechanism of Action

Coumarin derivatives have been reported as strong antifungal agents against various phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, inhibitory effects of nine coumarinyl Schiff bases were evaluated against the plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Fusarium culmorum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiourum). The compounds were demonstrated to be efficient antifungal agents against Macrophomina phaseolina. The results of molecular docking on the six enzymes related to the antifungal activity suggested that the tested compounds act against plant pathogenic fungi, inhibiting plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes such as endoglucanase I and pectinase. Neither compound exhibited inhibitory effects against two beneficial bacteria (Bacillus mycoides and Bradyrhizobium japonicum) and two entomopathogenic nematodes. However, compound 9 was lethal (46.25%) for nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and showed an inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (31.45%), confirming the relationship between these two activities. Calculated toxicity and the pesticide-likeness study showed that compound 9 was the least lipophilic compound with the highest aquatic toxicity. A molecular docking study showed that compounds 9 and 8 bind directly to the active site of AChE. Coumarinyl Schiff bases are promising active components of plant protection products, safe for the environment, human health, and nontarget organisms.     

Supercritical CO2 Extract from Microalga Tetradesmus obliquus: The Effect of High-Pressure Pre-Treatment

High-pressure pre-treatment followed by supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO₂) extraction (300 bar, 40 °C) was applied for the attainment of the lipophilic fraction of microalga Tetradesmus obliquus. The chemical profile of supercritical extracts of T. obliquus was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS). Moreover, the impact of ScCO₂ on the microbiological and metal profile of the biomass was monitored. The application of the pre-treatment increased the extraction yield approximately three-fold compared to the control. In the obtained extracts (control and pre-treated extracts), the identified components belonged to triacylglyceroles, fatty acid derivatives, diacylglycerophosphocholines and diacylglycerophosphoserines, pigments, terpenes, and steroids. Triacylglycerols (65%) were the most dominant group of compounds in the control extract. The pre-treatment decreased the percentage of triacylglycerols to 2%, while the abundance of fatty acid derivatives was significantly increased (82%). In addition, the pre-treatment led to an increase in the percentages of carotenoids, terpenoids, and steroids. Furthermore, it was determined that ScCO₂ extraction reduced the number of microorganisms in the biomass. Considering its microbiological and metal profiles, the biomass after ScCO₂ can potentially be used as a safe and important source of organic compounds.     

Herstellung und Behandlung von HPLC-Säulen unter Routinebedingungen

Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden einige theoretische und zahlreiche praktische Aspekte der Herstellung und der Benutzung von HPLC-Säulen zusammengefaßt. Die Behandlung der Bandenverbreiterung von verschiedenen Autoren wird kurz erörtert. Der Aufbau von HPLC-Säulen mit besonderer Betonung auf Qualität der Leersäulen wird behandelt. Das Säulenfüllen nach verschiedenen Verfahren und die Reproduzierbarkeit des Füllens werden diskutiert. Es werden Güteparameter einer HPLC-Säule angegeben. Bei dem routinemäßigen Betrieb von HPLC-Säulen werden die häufigsten Gründe des Säulenversagens besprochen und Maßnahmen zur Verlängerung der Lebensdauer einer HPLC-Säule empfohlen.

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Manufacturing and treatment of HPLC-columns under routine conditions

Summary This paper deals with only a few theoretical and numerous practical aspects of the manufacturing and use of HPLC-Column. The treatment of band spreading of different authors is mentioned briefly. The construction of HPLC-Columns with emphasis on the quality of empty columns is treated. The packing of columns according to different procedures and the reproducibility of the packing are discussed. Quality parameters of a HPLC-Column are shown. The most common reasons for the failure of a column under routine conditions are discussed and recommendations of practices for the extension of column life-time are given.