Subcellular localization of the antidepressant-sensitive norepinephrine transporter

Background  

Reuptake of synaptic norepinephrine (NE) via the antidepressant-sensitive NE transporter (NET) supports efficient noradrenergic signaling and presynaptic NE homeostasis. Limited, and somewhat contradictory, information currently describes the axonal transport and localization of NET in neurons.     

Temperature fields induced by direct contact condensation of steam in a cross-flow in a channel

The temperature fields in the center plane of a channel with a square cross-section have been measured. Steam injected at relatively low mass fluxes through a small hole in one of the walls of the channel condensed intermittently in a small area close to the inlet. The upstream temperature of the liquid cross-flow, T _L , the momentum ratio, J, and the Prandtl number proved to be important for the single-phase temperature field induced in the jet further away from the steam inlet. Jet centerlines of velocity and temperature are measured and positions are compared. Different locations for J < 100 and low T _L are explained from dependencies on Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Next to the jet centerline a second high-temperature zone was found to occur, close to the wall and downstream of the steam inlet. The importance of capillary forces is investigated with the aid of 3D CFD computations.     

结构非线性分析中求解预定荷载水平的改进弧长法

本文对目前广泛应用于结构非线性分析之中的弧长法进行改进。改进后的弧长法除保持原有优点外，能够在自动跟踪结构非线性平衡路径的同时，进一步求得位于结构平衡睡径任一区段的任意预先指定的荷载水平及相应的变形。本文的方法可以推广应用于求解预先指定的应力或位移。数值算例表明了本文方法的计算精度、效率及可靠性。     

Experimental Determination of Lagrangian Velocity Statistics in Turbulent Pipe Flow

The calculation of Lagrangian statistics out of experimentally determined data from homogeneously seeded inhomogeneous turbulent flows is far from straightforward since statistical properties are position-dependent, necessitating local sampling. Two solutions for the preferential sampling of faster particles at a certain position in the flow are proposed. The performance of both methods was tested using DNS calculations for turbulent pipe flow. Both methods show a good performance for various statistical properties, thus providing two reliable ways to analyze experimental data from inhomogeneous turbulent flows.     

A diffuse-interface approach to two-phase isothermal flow of a Van der Waals fluid near the critical point

A novel numerical method for simulations of isothermal, compressible two-phase flows of one fluid component near the critical point is presented on the basis of a diffuse-interface model and a Van der Waals equation of state. Because of the non-convexity of the latter, the nature of the set of governing equations is mixed hyperbolic–elliptic. This prevents the application of standard numerical methods for compressible flow. Moreover, the Korteweg capillary stress tensor, characteristic for the diffuse-interface approach, introduces third-order spatial derivatives of mass density in the Navier–Stokes equation, resulting in a dispersive behavior of the solution. Our computational method relies on a transformation of the conserved variables, which controls dispersion, stabilizes the numerical simulation and enables the use of coarser grids. A one-dimensional simulation shows that this method provides better stability and accuracy than without transformation of variables. Two- and three-dimensional simulations for isothermal liquid–vapor flows, in particular the retraction of a liquid non-spherical drop in vapor and the binary droplet collision in vapor, show the applicability of the method. The surface tension calculated from the numerical results is in good agreement with its theoretical value if the computational grid is sufficiently fine.     

A finite volume approach to large eddy simulation of compressible,homogeneous, isotropic,decaying turbulence

Large eddy simulation of compressible, homogeneous, isotropic, decaying turbulence in a rectangular box is performed using finite volume techniques. An analysis of the energy spectra obtained from the simulations shows that an agreement with the Kolmogorov law for the inertial range is found only when an appropriate spatial discretization method is used. This agreement is obtained both for a low (0·05) and a moderate (0·6) Mach number when Smagorinsky's subgrid model is employed.     

Large-eddy simulation of the temporal mixing layer using the Clark model

The Clark model for the turbulent stress tensor in large-eddy simulation is investigated from a theoretical and computational point of view. In order to be applicable to compressible turbulent flows, the Clark model has been reformulated. Actual large-eddy simulation of a weakly compressible, turbulent, temporal mixing layer shows that the eddy-viscosity part of the original Clark model gives rise to an excessive dissipation of energy in the transitional regime. On the other hand, the model gives rise to instabilities if the eddy-viscosity part is omitted and only the gradient part is retained. A linear stability analysis of the Burgers equation supplemented with the Clark model is performed in order to clarify the nature of the instability. It is shown that the growth-rate of the instability is infinite in the inviscid limit and that sufficient (eddy-)viscosity can stabilize the model. A model which avoids both the excessive dissipation of the original Clark model as well as the instability of the gradient part, is obtained when the dynamic procedure is applied to the Clark model. Large-eddy simulation using this new dynamic Clark model is found to yield satisfactory results when compared with a filtered direct numerical simulation. Compared with the standard dynamic eddy-viscosity model, the dynamic Clark model yields more accurate predictions, whereas compared with the dynamic mixed model the new model provides equal accuracy at a lower computational effort.     

3D Velocimetry and droplet sizing in the Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube

The Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube (RHVT) is a device currently used to generate local cooling. In general, the fluid that is injected into the RHVT is a single-phase gas. In this study, however, we have added a dispersed phase (water droplets) to the gas (nitrogen). By means of phase Doppler particle analysis, three velocity components, their higher order moments, and sizes of droplets were measured, showing high intensity velocity fluctuations in the core region of the main vortex. The frequency spectrum of the velocity is presented and reveals that wobbling of the vortex axis is the cause of the high intensity fluctuations. The wobbling motion reduces the influence of the droplet size on the radial droplet velocity.     

Lagrangian and Eulerian Statistics of Pipe Flows Measured with 3D-PTV at Moderate and High Reynolds Numbers

Three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) measurements have provided accurate Eulerian and Lagrangian high-order statistics of velocity and acceleration fluctuations and correlations at Reynolds number 10,300, based on the bulk velocity and the pipe diameter. Spatial resolution required in the analysis method and number of correlation samples required for Lagrangian and Eulerian statistics have been quantified. Flaws in a previously published analyzing method have been overcome. Furthermore, new experimental solutions are presented to facilitate similar measurements at Reynolds numbers of 15,000 and beyond. The Lagrangian velocity correction functions are used to determine the Kolmogorov constant.     

Null Infeld-van der Waerden Electromagnetic Fields from Geometric Sources

One of the formalisms of Infeld and van der Waerden for general relativity suggests defining geometric sources for electromagnetic fields that are inextricably involved in underlying spin curvatures. It is shown explicitly that such fields must bear nullity whenever a formal continuity equation is effectively implemented.