Cyclopentadiene annulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: investigations of electron affinities

The adiabatic electron affinities of cyclopentadiene and 10 associated benzannelated derivatives have been predicted with both density functional and Hartree-Fock theory. These systems can also be regarded as benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) augmented with five-membered rings. Like the PAHs, the electron affinities of the present systems generally increase with the number of rings. To unequivocally bind an electron, cyclopentadiene must have at least two conventionally fused benzene rings. 1H-Benz[f]indene, a naphthalene-annulated cyclopentadiene, is predicted to have a zero-point energy corrected adiabatic electron affinity of 0.13 eV. Since the experimental E(A) of naphthalene is negative (-0.19 eV), the five-membered ring appendage contributes to the stability of the naphthalene-derived 1H-benz[f]indene radical anion significantly. The key to binding the electron is a contiguous sequence of fused benzenes, since fluorene, the isomer of 1H-benz[f]indene, with separated six-membered rings, has an electron affinity of -0.07 eV. Each additional benzene ring in the sequence fused to cyclopentadiene increases the electron affinity by 0.15-0.65 eV: the most reliable predictions are cyclopentadiene (-0.63 eV), indene (-0.49 eV), fluorene (-0.07 eV), 1H-benz[f]indene (0.13 eV), 1,2-benzofluorene (0.25 eV), 2,3-benzofluorene (0.26 eV), 12H-dibenzo[b,h]fluorene (0.65 eV), 13H-indeno[1,2-b]anthracene (0.82 eV), and 1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthacene (1.10 eV). In contrast, if the six-membered ring-fusion is across the C(2)-C(3) cyclopentadiene single bond, only a single benzene is needed to bind an electron. The theoretical electron affinity of the resulting molecule, isoindene, is 0.49 eV, and this increases to 1.22 eV for 2H-benz[f]indene. The degree of aromaticity is responsible for this behavior. While the radical anions are stabilized by conjugation, which increases with the size of the system, the regular indenes, like PAHs in general, suffer from the loss of aromatic stabilization in forming their radical anions. While indene is 21 kcal mol(-1) more stable than isoindene, the corresponding radical anion isomers have almost the same energy. Nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations show that the highly aromatic molecules lose almost all aromaticity when an extra electron is present. The radical anions of cyclopentadiene and all of its annulated derivatives have remarkably low C-H bond dissociation energies (only 18-34 kcal mol(-1) for the mono-, bi-, and tricyclics considered). Hydrogen atom loss leads to the restoration of aromaticity in the highly stabilized cyclopentadienyl anion congeners.     

Photoelectron emission spectroscopy of inorganic anions in aqueous solution

Threshold energies E_t are determined for photoelectron emission by 20 inorganic anions in aqueous solution (7.1 < E_t < 9.1 eV). Calculated values of E_t for Cl^?, Br^?, I^? agree with experiment. The E_t are correlated with charge-transf absorption spectra.     

Zur Analyse des Flu?spats

Zusammenfassung Die Analyse hochprozentigen Flußspats wird in ihrer derzeitigen Ausführungsform beschrieben. Nach Beseitigung carbonatischer Begleiter durch eine Behandlung mit verd. Essigsäure wird die Kieselsäure entweder mit Flußsäure verflüchtigt und aus dem Gewichtsverlust bestimmt oder in einer gesonderten, mit Soda aufgeschlossenen Probe als Tetrapyridiniumdodecamolybdatosilicat gefällt und als SiO₂ + 12 MoO₃ ausgewogen. Der Bariumsulfatgehalt wird nach Verflüchtigung der Kieselsäure durch Abrauchen des verbleibenden Rückstandes mit Schwefelsäure und anschließendes Kochen mit verd. Salzsäure/Schwefelsäure in der üblichen Art ermittelt. Im Filtrat der Bariumsulfatfällung wird Calcium nach Abtrennung oder Maskierung der dreiwertigen Begleiter als Oxalat gefällt und zum Oxid verglüht oder direkt durch eine photometrische Titration mit ÄDTA bestimmt. Der kleine Sulfidschwefelgehalt in Flußspat wird durch Säure als Schwefelwasserstoff ausgetrieben, als Cadmiumsulfid gebunden und anschließend jodometrisch bestimmt.Für Kieselsäure, Bariumsulfat und Calciumfluorid ergibt die Fehlerrechnung Standardabweichungen von ^s SiO₂=0.04%; sBaSO₄=±0,04%; sCaF₂=±0,09%.

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Summary The present form of the analysis of high-percentage fluorspar is described. After removal of accompanying carbonates by treatment with dilute acetic acid, the silica is either volatilized with hydrofluoric acid and determined from the loss of weight or precipitated in a separate sample, decomposed with sodium carbonate, as tetrapyridinium dodecamolybdatosilicate and weighed as SiO₂ + 12 MoO₃. After volatilization of silica the remaining residue is fumed with sulphuric acid, boiled with a dilute hydrochloric/sulphuric acid mixture and the barium sulphate determined gravimetrically. In the filtrate of the barium sulphate precipitation the trivalent elements are either separated or masked. Then calcium is precipitated as oxalate and weighed after conversion to the oxide or directly determined by photometric titration with EDTA. After conversion to hydrogensulphide, the small sulphide-sulphur content in fluorspar is bound as cadmium sulphide and determined iodometrically.The error calculation results in the following standard deviations for silica, barium sulphate, and calcium fluoride: ^s SiO₂=0.04%; sBaSO₄=±0,04%; sCaF₂=±0,09%.

     

Die Struktur des Tetraphenyldisiloxans

Structure of Tetraphenyldisiloxane Tetraphenyldisiloxane 1 crystallizes at 298 K monoclinically (P2₁/n; a = 1407.6; b = 610.7; c = 1262.7 pm; β = 95.87° Z = 2) and undergoes a second order phase transition at 200 K, in an almost unchanged structure of triclinic symmetry. At 298 K the molecules are already bent (Si? O? Si = 160°) with static or dynamical disorder of the bridging atom. Both Si? O distances are different (156 or 169 pm), because the shift of the bridging O atom is not perpendicular to the Si? to? Si vector. The reason for this remarkable behavior is not yet clear. According to the vibrational spectra, the Si? O? Si bridge is bent in the crystal but, in CCl₄ solution a dynamical oscillation through the linear configuration may occur.     

Detection of banned meat and bone meal in feedstuffs by near-infrared microscopic analysis of the dense sediment fraction

In this paper we present an alternative method for detection of meat and bone meal (MBM) in feedstuffs by near-infrared microscopic (NIRM) analysis of the particles in the sediment fraction (dense fraction (d >1.62) from dichloroethylene) of compound feeds. To apply this method the particles of the sediment fraction are spread on a sample holder and presented to the NIR microscope. By using the pointer of the microscope the infrared beam is focussed on each particle and the NIR spectrum (1112–2500 nm) is collected. This method can be used to detect the presence of MBM at concentrations as low as 0.05% mass fraction. When results from the NIRM method were compared with the classical microscopic method, a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.87 was obtained. The results of this study demonstrated that this method could be proposed as a complementary tool for the detection of banned MBM in feedstuffs by reinforcement of the monitoring of feeds.     

Azobridges from azines, XVII. Intra- and intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition between nonstabilized azomethineimines and alkenes

Azo compounds 1 and 3 containing a CC-double bond in a parallel but distant position are quatemized by Me₃OBF₄ to 1,MeBF₄ and 3,MeBF₄, whereas MeI produces the cage compounds 2,HX and 4,HX. These [3+2] cycloadducts also are quantitatively formed from 1,MeBF₄ and 3,MeBF₄ with catalytic amounts of azo compounds. Intermolecular [3+2] cycloadditions occur with a mixture of DBH (5) or DBO (8), MeI and a variety of alkenes (→ HI) salts of (6, 7, 9 — 12). The intermediate azomethineimines, if stabilized by a fluorenylidene group, can be isolated (20, 22,24), but not, however, in the presence of a close parallel CC-bond (25 → 26).     

Animal models for treatment of unresectable liver tumours: a histopathologic and ultra-structural study of cellular toxic changes after electrochemical treatment in rat and dog liver

INTRODUCTION: Electrochemical treatment (EChT) has been taken under serious consideration as being one of several techniques for local treatment of malignancies. The advantage of EChT is the minimal invasive approach and the absence of serious side effects. Macroscopic, histopathological and ultra-structural findings in liver following a four-electrode configuration (dog) and a two-electrode EChT design (dog and rat) were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats and four female beagle dogs were studied with EChT using Platinum:Iridium electrodes and the delivered dose was 5, 10 or 90 C (As). After EChT, the animals were euthanized. RESULTS: The distribution of the lesions was predictable, irrespective of dose and electrode configuration. Destruction volumes were found to fit into a logarithmic curve (dose-response). Histopathological examination confirmed a spherical (rat) and cylindrical/ellipsoidal (dog) lesion. The type of necrosis differed due to electrode polarity. Ultra-structural analysis showed distinct features of cell damage depending on the distance from the electrode. Histopathological and ultra-structural examination demonstrated that the liver tissue close to the border of the lesion displayed a normal morphology. CONCLUSIONS: The in vivo dose-planning model is reliable, even in species with larger tissue mass such as dogs. A multi-electrode EChT-design could obtain predictable lesions. The cellular toxicity following EChT is clearly identified and varies with the distance from the electrode and polarity. The distinct border between the lesion and normal tissue suggests that EChT in a clinical setting for the treatment of liver tumours can give a reliable destruction margin.     

Infrared spectroscopy of neutral C7H7 isomers: benzyl and tropyl

The gas-phase infrared absorption spectra of neutral benzyl and tropyl, isomers of formula C7H7, have been measured in the 400-1800 cm-1 spectral region. In addition, a quantum chemical calculation has been performed to model the infrared spectra. For the benzyl radical, the theory shows satisfactory overlap with the experiment, although vibrations involving the CH2 group might be anharmonic. The tropyl radical, which is subject to the Jahn-Teller effect, seems well modeled for the out-of-plane vibrational modes, but less so for the in-plane vibrational modes.     

Double aromaticity: aromaticity in orthogonal planes. The 3,5-dehydrophenyl cation.

The $\text{D}$_$\text{3h}$ 3,5-dehydrophenyl cation (I), which may represent the structure of C₆H₃ ions observed mass spectroscopically, illustrates $\text{double aromaticity}$: two different aromatic systems in orthogonal planes.