Synthesis of benzaldehyde-functionalized LewisX trisaccharide analogs for glyco-SAM formation

LewisX (Le^x) antigen based carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions are mediated by complexation of metal ions. Although theoretical studies about the influence of participating hydroxyl groups in the Le^x trisaccharide head group (Galβ(1-4)[Fucα(1-3)]GlcNAc) could gave same rudimental information about the basic mechanism behind this interaction, a little is known about orientation and configuration of the hydroxyl groups required for the specific interaction mediated by Ca²⁺ complexation. Therefore, there is a need of non-natural derivatives to provide detailed information about the requirements for hydroxyl group arrangement in Le^x head group surface plasmon resonance and gold nanoparticle techniques have shown to be powerful tools to investigate carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions. Benzaldehyde-functionalized glycans can be used for attachment to both gold nanoparticles and surface plasmon resonance sensor surfaces. Therefore, seven benzaldehyde equipped Le^x analogs including the natural trisaccharide were synthesized utilizing convergent approach. The derivatives were applied in ongoing carbohydrate–carbohydrate interaction studies by surface plasmon resonance experiments to prove theoretical postulate about the structural requirements of hydroxyl group arrangements in Le^x trisaccharides.     

Determination of neutron flux parameters in PUSPATI TRIGA Mark II Research Reactor, Malaysia

In standardization NAA, it is necessary to characterize the neutron spectrum parameters such as epithermal neutron flux shape factor (α), thermal to epithermal neutron flux ratio (f), thermal neutron flux (φ _th) and epithermal neutron flux (φ _epi) in the irradiation facility to determine the concentration of an element in the sample using absolute and k ₀ standardization methods. The α and f were determined using Cd-ratio multi monitor method using experimental data obtained in PUSPATI TRIGA Mark II research reactor at four irradiation positions (10, 20, 30 and 40) of the rotary rack. The calculated values of α and f ranged from 0.006 to 0.0281 and 18.56 to 19.12 respectively. The average values of φ _th and φ _epi were found as 2.33 × 10¹² and 1.23 × 10¹¹ n cm^?2 s^?1 respectively. Moreover, a comparison of the neutron flux parameters in the present study shows an acceptable level of consistency with those of previous studies.     

Solid-phase extraction clean-up procedure for the analysis of PAHs in lichens

A clean-up procedure based on a solid-phase extraction column was optimized for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lichen extracts to remove co-extracted compounds from the matrix in the final extract. Several kinds of solid phases were evaluated: normal phase (-NH₂ and alumina), strong anion exchange and reversed phase. The -NH₂ columns were the most effective by using a packed solid bed of 500?mg. The lichen raw extract was loaded on the column previously conditioned with dichloromethane and hexane. Hexane (0.5?mL) was used as rinsing solvent, and PAHs were quantitatively eluted (80–97%) using 2?mL of hexane–dichloromethane (65–35) as eluting solvent. In these conditions, even the heaviest PAHs were quantitatively eluted. The optimized SPE method provides a short time and low-solvent-consumption sample clean-up compared with other conventional methods based on column chromatography. The analytical procedure, dynamic sonication-assisted extraction, followed by the optimized solid-phase extraction clean-up, was used to determine the 16 EPA priority PAHs from native lichens collected from the Aragon valley in central Pyrenees. The PAH concentrations in lichen samples ranged from 352 to 1654?ng?g^?1, and the minimum concentration value was established as the regional reference PAH levels in the area.     

Adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions onto fine powder of Typha latifolia L. root: kinetics and isotherm studies

Fine powder of Typha latifolia L. root was used for adsorption of copper and zinc ions from buffered and nonbuffered aqueous solutions. The adsorption reached equilibrium in 60 min. During this time, more than 90 % of the adsorption process was completed. The effect of initial pH, initial concentration of metal ion, and contact time was investigated in a batch system at room temperature. The optimum adsorption performance was observed at pH 5.00 and 4.25 for nonbuffered solutions of Cu(II) and Zn(II), respectively, while for buffered solutions it occurred at pH 6.00. The total metal uptake decreased on application of ammonium acetate buffer, from 37.35 to 17.00 mg g^?1 and 28.80 to 9.90 mg g^?1 for Cu(II) and Zn(II) solutions, respectively, with 100 mg L^?1 initial concentration. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models were used to describe the adsorption kinetics. The experimental data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The biosorption equilibrium was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.     

An overview of heterogeneous photocatalysis for the degradation of organic compounds: A special emphasis on photocorrosion and reusability

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been extensively investigated for the degradation of organic pollutants from wastewater. The remarkable advantages of the heterogeneous photocatalysis process depend upon its ability to produce reactive oxygen species under visible/UV/solar light irradiation. However, the long-term stability and reuse potential of these catalysts are of great concern these days, yet understudied. This review aims to systematically present a state of the art understanding of such catalysts' reuse potential. Various important surface characteristics of the photocatalysts for improving the photostability and activity of the catalyst are discussed. Besides, the synergistic effect of different surface modified materials, composite materials and their surface characteristics for their enhanced activity are also covered. Finally, a discussion on various regeneration processes used for such catalysts is also presented, identifying some vital research needs in this field.     

Survey of Phenolic Acids,Flavonoids and In Vitro Antioxidant Potency Between Fig Peels and Pulps: Chemical and Chemometric Approach

In the present study, chromatic coordinates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity (LPIC) essays and their relative IC50 were investigated in 25 fig cultivars growing in Morocco. The aims of this study were to determine (i) the variation in these compounds among light and dark-colored cultivars, (ii) their partitioning between fruit peel and pulp and (iii) to display network connections among these variables. Twelve phenolic compounds (PCs) were isolated in peel extract versus eight in pulp samples. Anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were the predominant compounds in peels, where the mean concentrations were 75.90 ± 18.76 and 77.97 ± 18.95 µg/g dw, respectively. On the other hand, (−)-epicatechin and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside were the major compounds in the pulp extracts, where the mean values were 5.23 ± 4.03 and 9.01 ± 5.67 µg/g dw, respectively. A two-dimensional hierarchically clustered heatmap was applied to the dataset to explore correlations in the dataset and similarities between cultivars, without dimensionality reduction. Results showed that anthocyanins, particularly pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were the main contributors to the peels’ free radical scavenging capacity. This capacity was particularly higher in the peel of dark-colored figs compared to the fruit pulp. The local cultivar “INRA 1301” showed the most promising phenolic profile due to its very high levels of almost all detected PCs, especially (−)-epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidine-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (54.66, 141.08, 35.48, 494.08, 478.66, 12.56 µg/g dw, respectively). Having the darkest figs in the collection (L* = 25.72, c* = 22.09 and h° = 20.99), this cultivar has also combined promising IC50 values, which were of 19.85, 40.58 and 124.78 µg/mL for DPPH, ABTS and LPIC essays, respectively.     

Effect of the Ethanol/BTC Ratio on the Methane Uptake of Mechanochemically Synthesized MOF-199

We report on a detailed textural analysis of mechanochemically synthesized MOF-199 including N₂ adsorption-desorption and CO₂ adsorption isotherms data at 77 K and 273 K (up to atmospheric pressure), respectively, and CH₄ adsorption data at 298 K (up to 35 bar). We used the isotherm adsorption data to determine the micropore volume of the MOF-199 structures, to establish their methane uptake capacity and to understand how these properties depended on the Ethanol/BTC ratio used during the synthesis. The maximum methane uptake capacity for our specimens was recorded at 130 v/v at 35 bars. These results open an avenue for a better understanding of alternative manufacturing processes of MOF structures for gas storage applications.     

Homo- and heteronuclear 2D NMR approaches to analyse a mixture of deuterated unlike/like stereoisomers using weakly ordering chiral liquid crystals

We describe several homo- and heteronuclear 2D NMR strategies dedicated to the analysis of anisotropic (2)H spectra of a mixture of dideuterated unlike/like stereoisomers with two remote stereogenic centers, using weakly orienting chiral liquid crystals. To this end, we propose various 2D correlation experiments, denoted "D(H)(n)D" or "D(H)(n)C" (with n=1, 2), that involve two heteronuclear polarization transfers of INEPT-type with one or two proton relays. The analytical expressions of correlation signals for four pulse sequences reported here were calculated using the product-operators formalism for spin I=1 and S=1/2. The features and advantages of each scheme are presented and discussed. The efficiency of these 2D sequences is illustrated using various deuterated model molecules, dissolved in organic solutions of polypeptides made of poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG) or poly-epsilon-carbobenzyloxy-L-lysine (PCBLL) and NMR numerical simulations.