Variations in recorded acoustic gunshot waveforms generated by small firearms

Analysis of recorded acoustic gunshot signals to determine firearm waveform characteristics requires an understanding of the impulsive signal events, how the waveforms vary among different sources, and how the waveforms are affected by the environment and the recording system. This paper presents empirical results from waveforms produced by different small firearms and an analysis of their variations under different and controlled conditions. Acoustic signals were generated using multiple firearm makes and models firing different ammunition types. Simultaneous recordings from the microphones located at different distances from the source and at different azimuth angles (from the line-of-fire) were used to study source characteristics and sound propagation effects. The results indicate that recorded gunshot waveforms generally consist of multiple acoustic events, and these are observable depending on the received distance and azimuth angle. The source blast size, microphone distance, and microphone azimuth angle are the primary factors affecting the recorded muzzle blast characteristics. Ground or object reflections and ballistic shockwaves and their reflections can interfere with the muzzle blast waveform and its measurements. This experiment confirmed and quantified the wide range of correlation results between waveforms recorded from different source, microphone distance, and microphone angle configurations.     

超声无损检测中的数字匹配滤波技术

本文在超声无损检测技术中采用线性调频脉冲信号,并用数字化了的电激励信号自身作为数字匹配滤波器,在不同的时延带宽乘积的系统中得到了声脉冲的压缩信号。实验结果与理论预期值符合得很好.对于Hamming和Gaussian时间加权的信号,其旁瓣抑制可分别达到—41.9dB和—41.5dB.数字匹配滤波技术的引入可以有力地改善超声检测系统的性能。     

Adaptation of the plant location model for regional environmental facilities and cost allocation strategy

This paper is divided into two parts. In the first part of the paper, the plant location model is adapted for the special case of siting wastewater treatment facilities when the wastewater sources and treatment facilities are arranged in a chain or linear configuration. In this problem, flows or shipments may be merged in common pipes that provide economies of scale in transport. In order to apply the plant location model, an appropriate definition of the additional cost incurred when a waste source joins a regional facility is required. In addition, sequential priority constraints are developed in the siting model in order to make possible proper accounting of transport costs. The new siting model can be conveniently solved by linear programming.In the second part of the paper, a dual of the plant location model is explored as a cost allocation method for the fixed charge facility siting problem. The constraint sets of the dual model can be shown to imply the core conditions of the related cost game; hence, a set of the dual variables from the dual problem can be regarded as rational cost allocations. The analysis places both facility siting and cost allocation in a common framework.     

A theory of mixtures with microstructure

Zusammenfassung Eine Theorie der Mischungen von Flüssigkeiten mit Mikrostruktur wird von einem Energiepostulat hergeleitet, wobei das Prinzip der Indifferenz des Bezugssystems benutzt wird. Es werden Definitionen für die Wärmeproduktion der Mischung, innere Energie, Wärmeströmung und Spannungen gegeben, welche mit denjenigenTruesdells übereinstimmen.     

Nonlinear dynamics of charged particles interacting with combined ac-dc electromagnetic fields

A nonlinear Lorenz model describing interactions between charged particles and combined ac-dc electromagnetic fields is studied for various combinations of frequencies, field strengths and relative angle (θ) between the ac and dc magnetic fields. Strong directional effects on the magnitude and location of resonant particle motion are observed when θ is varied and the regular resonance windows in the aligned field (θ = 0) and linear version of the model studied previously by Durney etaal., break up to form irregular and less well pronounced regions of large and small particle displacements when nonlinearities are taken into account. The length of time takne to achieve resonant behaviour also becomes larger and more variable when nonlinearities are present. The possible relevance of these effects to interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological media is briefly discussed.     

A high flux,liquid-helium cooled source of metastable rare gas atoms

We have developed a novel, high flux source of metastable rare gas atoms (helium, neon and argon) that uses liquid helium cooling to reduce the initial atomic velocity. Fluxes exceeding 10¹⁴ atoms/ster/s with He and Ne were obtained. With average velocities of 600 m/s for He and 300 m/s for Ne and Ar, this source will enable simpler, more compact beam lines for loading magneto-optical traps. PACS 34.80.Dp; 39.10.+j; 39.25.+k     

Influence of heat treatment temperature of carbon fiber felt substrate on polyaniline electrosynthesis and its properties

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Polyaniline was electrosynthesized using three voltammetric cycles on carbon fiber felts annealed at 1400, 1600, 2000, and 2300 K. Felts and...     

Ramsey theory for hypergroups

Semigroup Forum - In this paper, Ramsey theory for discrete hypergroups is introduced with emphasis on polynomial hypergroups, discrete orbit hypergroups and hypergroup deformations of semigroups....     

Highly Enantioselective,Organocatalytic, and Scalable Synthesis of a Rare cis,cis-Tricyclic Diterpenoid

A highly enantioselective, organocatalytic, and scalable synthesis of a very unusual cis-decalin-cis-hydrindane tricyclic diterpenoid system has been achieved. Despite the prevalent pharmacological space that the related trans,trans and trans,cis-systems occupy, there have been no reports of an asymmetric synthesis of the cis,cis systems in the literature until now. We demonstrate the flexibility of our approach not only through access to a diverse range of products, all of which are attained in exceptionally high selectivities, but also by showing their easy conversion to the corresponding trans,cis-system and other derivatives.     

Leading-edge flow criticality as a governing factor in leading-edge vortex initiation in unsteady airfoil flows

A leading-edge suction parameter (LESP) that is derived from potential flow theory as a measure of suction at the airfoil leading edge is used to study initiation of leading-edge vortex (LEV) formation in this article. The LESP hypothesis is presented, which states that LEV formation in unsteady flows for specified airfoil shape and Reynolds number occurs at a critical constant value of LESP, regardless of motion kinematics. This hypothesis is tested and validated against a large set of data from CFD and experimental studies of flows with LEV formation. The hypothesis is seen to hold except in cases with slow-rate kinematics which evince significant trailing-edge separation (which refers here to separation leading to reversed flow on the aft portion of the upper surface), thereby establishing the envelope of validity. The implication is that the critical LESP value for an airfoil–Reynolds number combination may be calibrated using CFD or experiment for just one motion and then employed to predict LEV initiation for any other (fast-rate) motion. It is also shown that the LESP concept may be used in an inverse mode to generate motion kinematics that would either prevent LEV formation or trigger the same as per aerodynamic requirements.