Synthesis of 7-formyl-2-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-d]-pyrimidine and some other 7-substituted derivatives

A method that utilizes the Vilsmeier reaction to form a pyrrole ring was developed for the preparation of the previously unknown 7-formyl-2-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine from 2,6-dimethyl-5-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine. The nitrile, which was converted to the amide, was obtained from the oxime of the synthesized aldehyde. 7-Unsubstituted pyrrolopyrimidine was synthesized by oxidation of the aldehyde to the corresponding acid and subsequent decarboxylation. The IR and PMR spectroscopic data are presented.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1672–1674, December, 1977.     

Neutronenabsorption Bei der Aktivierungsanalyse von Kadmium und Kadmiumtellurid

A calculation method of self-shielding coefficients of interesting elements in samples of any forms is given for the neutron activation analysis of cadmium and its compounds. The determination of ten elements in cadmium telluride using radiochemical separation and γ spectrometry is described.      

Periodic hexagonal mesostructured chalcogenides based on platinum and [SnSe4]4- and [SnTe4]4- precursors. Solvent dependence of nanopore and wall organization

Mesostructured chalcogenide-based materials with long-range order and semiconducting properties can be prepared using suitable molecular building blocks, linkage metal ions and surfactant molecules. In this paper we present surfactant templated, open framework platinum tin selenide and telluride materials assembled using K4SnQ4 (Q = Se, Te) salts and K2PtCl4 as precursors and a study of pore and wall organization. We find that materials prepared in water exhibit disordered pore organization, whereas those prepared in formamide are long-range ordered with hexagonal symmetry. In formamide the [SnQ4]4- anions undergo condensation-oligomerization reactions that produce different chalcogenido molecular species, whereas in water the anions remain intact. In addition to solvent, the pore organization and overall quality of the mesostructured materials strongly depend on the surfactant molecules, i.e., chain length and headgroup size. For example, highly ordered mesostructured platinum tin selenides with hexagonal symmetry were obtained using the hydroxyl-functionalized surfactants CnH2n+1N(CH3)(CH2CH2OH)2Br (n = 16, 18, and 20), but when the headgroup was triethylammonium, hexagonal pore order was achieved only for n = 20 and not for n = 16 and 18. The experimental results imply that in order to achieve highly ordered chalcogenide frameworks a single building anionic block might be insufficient. Finally, we also report the first examples of hexagonal mesostructured Pt/Sn/Te materials based on K4SnTe4 as the precursor. The tellurides behave differently for their selenium analogues and have very low energy band gaps, in the range 0.5-0.7 eV.     

Determination of Aluminum and Beryllium by Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometry with the Use of Chromaticity Functions

Immobilized Eriochrome Cyanine R was used for the direct determination of trace aluminum and beryllium by diffuse reflectance spectrometry. Anion exchanger AV-17, silica gel Silochrom C-120, Chromaton N-Super, octadecyl silica gel, and cellulose were examined as supports. Optimal sorption conditions were found. The dependence of chromaticity functions (chromaticity coordinates, lightness, color saturation, yellowness, and whiteness) on different factors was studied. Advantages of the use of chromaticity functions rather then the diffuse reflectance coefficient were demonstrated. A method is developed for the separate determination of aluminum and beryllium using cellulose as the support; the method was used for the analysis of real samples and tested with standard samples. When solution samples of 50 and 100 mL were used, the determination limit was 0.004 g/mL for aluminum and 0.0002 g/mL for beryllium.     

Multibiosensor based on enzyme inhibition analysis for determination of different toxic substances

An original concept of an enzyme multibiosensor for determination of toxic substances based on enzyme inhibition analysis has been proposed and its main performances have been analysed. For the development of this multibiosensor, two types of transducers such as potentiometric pH-sensitive field-effect transistors and conductometric thin-films interdigitated electrodes, and three enzymes, namely urease, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase have been used. The experimental data have been treated by multivariate correspondence analysis. A complete procedure for a simultaneous determination of some heavy metal ions and pesticides has been proposed and its advantages have been discussed.     

Molecular determinants in the bioactivation of the dopaminergic neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)

Summary Nineteen analogs of the dopaminergic neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) have been used as probes to study the structural parameters that influence MAO-catalyzed oxidation. In this study, the efficiency of enzyme-catalyzed substrate oxidation was found to be unrelated to parameters such as the ionization potential, dipole moment, net atomic charge at C5 and the dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and the tetrahydropyridine moiety. Conformational analysis revealed that substitution at the C2 position of MPTP yields atropisomers. It is suggested that one of these atropisomers would be either inactive or substantially less active than the other. Therefore, the relative oxidative efficiency and toxicity of these compounds reported earlier may have been significantly underestimated. Based on the conformational analysis and other data, a rudimentary model of the MAO substrate site has been developed which partially explains the substrate specificities of MAO A and MAO B.Each substrate binding site can be divided into two regions, (a) an amine-binding pocket (for the tetrahydropyridine moiety), and (b) a bulky substituent region (for the phenyl group and its substituents). The length of the substrate binding site (measured along the long axis of MPTP) is approximately 8.5 Å, and the width of the amine-binding pocket is approximately 2.5 Å (from C3 to C5). The bulky substituent region contains a central area for binding the phenyl group of MPTP. This central area is flanked by two hydrophobic pockets, P2 and P3. In MAO A, the pocket P2-A is oriented 45–135° relative to the plane of the tetrahydropyridine moiety, with a radius of 3.1 Å from C2 of the phenyl ring. The radius of a similar but smaller pocket, P2-B, in MAO B, is approximately 2.7 Å. In MAO B, the pocket P3-B (radius 2.36 Å from C3) is larger than a similar pocket P3-A (radius 1.70 Å from C3) in MAO A. The foregoing characterization suggests that differences in the size and topography of both of the substituent pockets play an important role in determining the substrate specificities of these two isozymes.     

Electron spin echo as a tool for investigation of surface structure of finely dispersed fractal solids

The ESE method was successfully used for investigating the texture of the adsorbents and catalysts. Equations were obtained for the kinetics of ESE signal decay due to dipole-dipole interaction between motionless paramagnetic centers distributed uniformly on the fractal surface of solid.

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