Simple solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics for cylindrically symmetric systems

Simple, self-similar, analytic solutions of 1+3-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamics are presented for cylindrically symmetric fireballs corresponding to central collisions of heavy ions at relativistic bombarding energies.     

Simple solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics for systems with ellipsoidal symmetry

Simple, self-similar, analytic solutions of (1+3)-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamics are presented for ellipsoidally symmetric finite fireballs corresponding to non-central collisions of heavy ions at relativistic bombarding energies. The hydrodynamical solutions are obtained for a new, general family of equations of state with the possibility of describing phase transitions.     

Simple solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics for longitudinally expanding systems

Simple, self-similar, analytic solutions of 1+1-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamics are presented, generalizing Bjorken's solution to inhomogeneous rapidity distribution.     

Effect of bredinin on the primary culture of fetal mouse cells and adult mouse lung cells.

The effects of bredinin on the primary culture of fetal mouse cells (fetal cells) and adult mouse lung cells (lung cells) were compared. Bredinin inhibited the growth of both cells, and this inhibition was found to be caused, at least in part, by the inhibition of the S phase and/or the transition from the G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. Bredinin inhibited both DNA and RNA synthesis without affecting protein synthesis. However, the inhibitory effect of bredinin differed between the two cell lines; the fetal cells were more sensitive than the lung cells, and bredinin inhibited DNA synthesis 100 times more potently in the fetal cells. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by bredinin in the fetal cells was gradually lowered by in vitro aging of the fetal cells to a level similar to that in the lung cells. There was no difference in the rate of incorporation of bredinin into the cells between the fetal cells and the lung cells. When fetal tissue was used as an enzyme source, bredinin was converted to bredinin 5'-monophosphate (BMP), but when lung tissue was used, bredinin was not converted. This is in agreement with the finding that bredinin has selective toxicity on fetuses in vivo but is hardly toxic to adult cells, which suggests the involvement of BMP in the selective toxicity of bredinin on the fetus.     

Biocalorimetry as a process analytical technology process analyser; robust in-line monitoring and control of aerobic fed-batch cultures of crabtree-negative yeast cells

Control of bioprocesses requires reliable and robust on- or in-line monitoring tools providing real-time information on process dynamics. Heat generation related to metabolic activity of living systems is currently gaining importance in bioprocess industry due to its non-invasive and essentially instantaneous characteristics. This study deals with monitoring and control of pure aerobic fed-batch cultures of three Crabtree-negative yeast strains, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida utilis and Pichia pastoris, based on in-line measured, metabolic heat flow signals. A high resolution biocalorimeter (BioRC1) was developed from a standard bench-scale heat flow calorimeter (RC1). The BioRC1 was equipped with in-line (dielectric spectroscopy, pH probe and dissolved oxygen probe) and at-line (exit gas analyser) sensors to characterise the growth behaviour of the yeast cells. Both metabolic heat flow and biomass profiles exhibited similar behaviour proving the significance of employing heat flow signal as a key-parameter for the system under investigation. A simple estimator for biomass concentration and specific growth rate was formulated based on heat flow values. In order to evaluate the potential of calorimetry as a reliable and powerful process monitoring tool, the robustness, reliability as well as the broad applicability of the developed estimators was assessed through comparison with off-line measurement techniques and showed promising results for general applicability with a wide range of bioprocesses.     

Surface abundance change in vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation of CO2 and H2O mixture ices

Photodissociation of amorphous ice films of carbon dioxide and water co-adsorbed at 90 K was carried out at 157 nm using oxygen-16 and -18 isotopomers with a time-of-flight photofragment mass spectrometer. O((3)P(J)) atoms, OH (v = 0) radicals, and CO (v = 0,1) molecules were detected as photofragments. CO is produced directly from the photodissociation of CO(2). Two different adsorption states of CO(2), i.e., physisorbed CO(2) on the surface of amorphous solid water and trapped CO(2) in the pores of the film, are clearly distinguished by the translational and internal energy distributions of the CO molecules. The O atom and OH radical are produced from the photodissociation of H(2)O. Since the absorption cross section of CO(2) is smaller than that of H(2)O at 157 nm, the CO(2) surface abundance is relatively increased after prolonged photoirradiation of the mixed ice film, resulting in the formation of a heterogeneously layered structure in the mixed ice at low temperatures. Astrophysical implications are discussed.     

A theoretical and experimental study on translational and internal energies of H2O and OH from the 157 nm irradiation of amorphous solid water at 90 K

The photodesorption of H(2)O in its vibrational ground state, and of OH radicals in their ground and first excited vibrational states, following 157 nm photoexcitation of amorphous solid water has been studied using molecular dynamics simulations and detected experimentally by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization techniques. There is good agreement between the simulated and measured energy distributions. In addition, signals of H(+) and OH(+) were detected in the experiments. These are inferred to originate from vibrationally excited H(2)O molecules that are ejected from the surface by two distinct mechanisms: a direct desorption mechanism and desorption induced by secondary recombination of photoproducts at the ice surface. This is the first reported experimental evidence of photodesorption of vibrationally excited H(2)O molecules from water ice.     

Experimental studies of surface reactions among OH radicals that yield H2O and CO2 at 40-60 K

We investigated the OH-related formation routes of two astrophysically important molecules, H(2)O and CO(2), under relatively warm astrophysical conditions. OH radicals, together with other neutral species such as H, O, H(2), and O(2), were produced in H(2)O microwave-discharge plasma and cooled to 100 K before being deposited on an Al substrate at 40-60 K. H(2)O formed at 40 and 50 K, but not at 60 K. Taking the experimental conditions into account, a possible route of H(2)O formation is via reactions involving OH + OH, which yield H(2)O(2) as the main reaction product. The present study is the first to show experimentally that surface reactions of two OH radicals can yield H(2)O at low temperatures. The products' branching ratio was 0.2 and 0.8 for H(2)O and H(2)O(2), respectively. When CO was co-deposited with neutral species that formed in the H(2)O plasma, CO(2) was formed at 40-60 K. H(2)CO(3) formed at 40 and 50 K. The present results may suggest that chemical reactions related to OH radicals are effective at yielding various molecules in relatively warm astrophysical environments, such as protostars.     

NeXSPheRIO results on elliptic flow at RHIC and connection with thermalization

Elliptic flow at RHIC is computed event by event with NeXSPheRIO. Reasonable agreement with experimental results on v ₂(η) is obtained. Various effects are studied as well: reconstruction of impact parameter direction, freeze-out temperature, equation of state (with or without crossover), emission mechanism.