Deterministic Aperiodic Tile Sets

Wang tiles are square tiles with colored edges. We construct an aperiodic set of Wang tiles that is strongly deterministic in the sense that any two adjacent edges of a tile determine the tile uniquely. Consequently, the tiling group of this set is not hyperbolic and it acts discretely and co-compactly on a CAT(0) space. Submitted: February 1998, revised: October 1998.     

Spectroscopic studies on modified wood

The FTIR spectra of solid resin-free samples of chemically modified Norway spruce wood were recorded. Correlations were noted between spectral and hydrogen bond structure, chemical modification, fibre crystallinity and macroscopic softening point.     

Ion‐Pair Complexation with Dibenzo[21]Crown‐7 and Dibenzo[24]Crown‐8 bis‐Urea Receptors

Synthesis and ion‐pair complexation properties of novel ditopic bis‐urea receptors based on dibenzo[21]crown‐7 ( R¹ ) and dibenzo[24]crown‐8 ( R² ) scaffolds have been studied in the solid state, solution, and gas phase. In a 4:1 CDCl₃/[D₆]DMSO solution, both receptors clearly show positive heterotropic cooperativity toward halide anions when complexed with Rb⁺ or Cs⁺, with the halide affinity increasing in order I^?<Br^?<Cl^?. In solution, the rubidium complexes of both receptors have higher halide affinities compared to the caesium complexes. However, Rb⁺ and Cs⁺ complexes of R² show stronger affinities toward all the studied anions compared to the corresponding cationic complexes of R¹ . Similar selectivity of the receptors toward the studied ion pairs was also observed also in the gas phase by competition experiments with mass spectrometry. A total of eight crystal structures with different rubidium and caesium halides and oxyanions were obtained in addition to the crystal structure of R²?BaCl₂ . The selectivity observed in solution and in the gas phase is explainable by the conformational differences observed in the crystal structures of ion‐pair complexes with R¹ and R² . In the solid state, R¹ has an open conformation due to the asymmetric crown‐ether scaffold, whereas R² has a compact, folded conformation. Computational studies of the ion‐pair complexes of R² show that the interaction energies of the complexes increase in the order CsI<CsBr<CsCl<RbCl, supporting the selectivity observed in solution and the gas‐phase.     

CF3: An Electron‐Withdrawing Substituent for Aromatic Anion Acceptors? “Side‐On” versus “On‐Top” Binding of Halides

The ability of multiple CF₃‐substituted arenes to act as acceptors for anions is investigated. The results of quantum‐chemical calculations show that a high degree of trifluoromethyl substitution at the aromatic ring results in a positive quadrupole moment. However, depending on the polarizability of the anion and on the substitution at the arene, three different modes of interaction, namely Meisenheimer complex, side‐on hydrogen bonding, or anion–π interaction, can occur. Experimentally, the side‐on as well as a η²‐type π‐complex are observed in the crystal, whereas in solution only side‐on binding is found.     

One‐electron redox properties of DNA nucleobases and common tautomers

The redox properties of DNA play an influential role in several important processes such as DNA mutation and the interaction of DNA with drugs. Structural changes in DNA nucleobases from its canonical form to its tautomeric forms can alter these properties and may lead to DNA mutation due to altered base‐pairing properties. Experimental results for the standard value of DNA redox properties vary due to choice of methodology and solvent. Theoretical determination of these properties is helpful in pinpointing standard values but still vary depending on methodology and chosen experimental benchmark. However, it is of importance to identify the overall trend of electron mobility within DNA while providing reliable standard values for redox reactions. In this work, we present the results of theoretical calculations for redox properties. Using the thermodynamic cycle, we can approximate reliable values. We report the electron affinities, ionization potentials, and redox potential for the canonical DNA nucleobases and their rare tautomers. For each of these properties, we evaluate its overall trend to gain a greater understanding of the role that electron attachment and electron mobility have within the DNA strand. All calculations are computed at the M06‐2X/6–31++G(d,p) level of theory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Single‐Shell Carbon‐Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis and High Electrocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) through effective and inexpensive electrocatalysts is a valuable approach for clean and renewable energy systems. Here, single‐shell carbon‐encapsulated iron nanoparticles (SCEINs) decorated on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are introduced as a novel highly active and durable non‐noble‐metal catalyst for the HER. This catalyst exhibits catalytic properties superior to previously studied nonprecious materials and comparable to those of platinum. The SCEIN/SWNT is synthesized by a novel fast and low‐cost aerosol chemical vapor deposition method in a one‐step synthesis. In SCEINs the single carbon layer does not prevent desired access of the reactants to the vicinity of the iron nanoparticles but protects the active metallic core from oxidation. This finding opens new avenues for utilizing active transition metals such as iron in a wide range of applications.