Improved spacer design and cost reduction in an electrodialysis system

In electrodialysis using thin membranes and spacers, the compactness of the membrane cell-pairs leads to a small potential drop, and hence to energy saving. The spacer design itself has a great effect on the cost of the plants, since spacers act as turbulence promoters. A careful design, to increase the mass transfer coefficients, can reduce the membrane surface area required for a given application. Limiting current measurements, cell-pair resistance and pressure losses are presented for several thin spacers, for different flow-velocity values and feed water concentrations. It was possible to find an advantageous geometry of the separating mesh leading to substantial savings on investment and operation costs.     

Studies of the compositions of Pd(II) hydrolysis products

The characterization of the clusters formed on alkaline hydrolysis of [PdCl₄]^2– was performed using¹⁷O,²³Na,³⁵Cl,¹³³Cs NMR and UV spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the clusters was found to be [Pd(OH)₂] _n ·nNaCl. No mononuclear oxo- or hydroxocomplexes were detected. The spatial structure of the clusters is stabilized by alkali metal cations.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 675–679, April, 1993.     

Phasenbeziehungen und Natriumionenleitung im quasi-binären System Na2SiF6/Na3AlF6

Phase Relations and Sodium Ion Conductivity within the Quasi-binary System Na₂SiF₆/Na₂AIF₆ . The phase diagram of the Na₂SiF₆/Na₃AlF₆ system has been determined by means of x-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis and conductivity measurements in the sub-solidus region. Na₃AlF₆ accomodates up to 73 mol.-% Na₂SiF₆ maintaining the crystal structure type. The sodium ion conductivity increases by about five orders of magnitude upon doping Na₃AlF₆ with Na₂SiF₆.     

The lead tetraacetate oxidation of bisacylhydrazones of α-diketones: A scope re-assesment

Oxidation of the title compounds yields, besides the reported isoimides 3 and/or the amides 4 , also the imides 5 . The observed product dichotomy is considered as the result of an intramolecular nucleophilic attack on the aroyl group, of the pressumed zwitterionic intermediate 2 , by O or N present in the ambident N-aroylimine site of 2 . The results of AM1 calculations agree with the product studies and both permit the formulation of a set of rules correlating structure and selectivity.     

Analytical torisionL-tensor formulas for anharmonic force constant transformation

New analytical formulas for the torsionL-tensor are reported, which are used in molecular normal mode analysis calculations for the nonlinear transformation of the force constants from internal coordinates to normal coordinates. The proposed formalism exhibits a relative simplicity as compared to previous reported results. Sample calculations for methanol and hydrazine are presented.     

An infinite family of simply connected flag-transitive tilde geometries

We consider tilde-geometries (orT-geometries), which are geometries belonging to diagrams of the following shape: Here the rightmost edge stands for the famous triple cover of the classical generalized quadrangle related to the group Sp₄(2). The automorphism group of the cover is the nonsplit extension 3·Sp₄(2) – 3 ·S ₆. Five examples of flag-transitiveT-geometries were known. These are rank 3 geometries related to the groupsM ₂₄ (the Mathieu group),He (the Held group) and and 3⁷·Sp₆(2) (a nonsplit extension); a rank 4 geometry related to the Conway groupCo ₁ and a rank 5 geometry related to the Fischer-Griess Monster groupF ₁. In the present paper we construct an infinite family of flag-transitiveT-geometries and prove that all the new geometries are simply connected. The automorphism group of the rankn geometry in the family is a nonsplit extension of a 3-group by the symplectic group Sp_2n (2). The rank of the 3-group is equal to the number of 2-dimensional subspaces in ann-dimensional vector space over GF(2).     

Bethe-Salpeter equation for non-self conjugate mesons in a power-law potential

We develop an approach to the solution of the spinless Bethe-Salpeter equation for the different-mass case. Although the calculations are developed for spinzero particles in any arbitratry spherically symmetric potential, the non-Coulombic effective power-law potential is used as a kernel to produce the spin-averaged bound states of the non-self-conjugate mesons. The analytical formulas are also applicable to the self-conjugate mesons in the equal-mass case. The flavor-independent case is investigated in this work. The calculations are carried out to the third-order correction of the energy series. Results are consistent with those obtained before.