Operational characteristics and power scaling of a transverse flow transversely excited CW CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> laser

Transverse flow transversely excited (TFTE) CO₂ lasers are easily scalable to multikilowatt level. The laser power can be scaled up by increasing the volumetric gas flow and discharge volume. It was observed in a TFTE CW CO₂ laser having single row of pins as an anode and tubular cathode that the laser power was not increasing when the discharge volume and the gas volumetric flow were increased by increasing the electrode separation keeping the gas flow velocity constant. The discharge voltage too remained almost constant with the change of electrode separation at the same gas flow velocity. This necessitated revision of the scaling laws for designing this type of high power CO₂ laser. Experimental results of laser performance for different electrode separations are discussed and the modifications in the scaling laws are presented.     

First measurement of the ϱ spectral function in nuclear collisions

The NA60 experiment at the CERN SPS has studied low-mass muon pairs in 158 A GeV In–In collisions. A strong excess of pairs is observed above the yield expected from neutral meson decays. The unprecedented sample size close to 400000 events and the good mass resolution of about 2% made it possible to isolate the excess by subtraction of the decay sources. The shape of the resulting mass spectrum shows some non-trivial centrality dependence, but is largely consistent with a dominant contribution from π⁺π^-→ϱ→μ⁺μ^- annihilation. The associated ϱ spectral function exhibits considerable broadening, but essentially no shift in mass. The p_T-differential mass spectra show the excess to be much stronger at low p_T than at high p_T. The results are compared to theoretical model predictions; they tend to rule out models linking hadron masses directly to the chiral condensate. PACS 25.75.-q; 12.38.Mh; 13.85.Qk     

Thermochemistry of potassium morpholinodithiocarbamate

Results of thermochemical studies of a new compound, potassium morpholinodithiocarbamate, are presented. The enthalpies of its solution in water at various dilutions and the specific heat at 173–348 K were examined by the experimental methods of isothermal and dynamic calorimetry.     

Preparation of Fe–Si–B–Nb amorphous powder cores with excellent high-frequency magnetic properties

FeSiBNb amorphous powder cores were prepared with the amorphous powder by gas atomization and subsequent hot pressing of resulting powder after creating oxide layers on the amorphous powder. Fully amorphous FeSiBNb powders with good soft magnetic properties were successfully obtained in the particle size range below 100 μm. FeSiBNb amorphous powder cores exhibit stable permeability up to 10 MHz, showing excellent high-frequency characteristics.     

Magnetization reversal of micropattern Fe bar array: Combination of vector and Bragg magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements

We report on a magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) investigation of alternating wide and narrow Fe bars, forming a two-dimensional periodic array. The magnetization reversal was studied by regular longitudinal Vector-MOKE in specular geometry as well as in Bragg-MOKE geometry, using the diffraction spots from the grating for hysteresis measurements. With Vector-MOKE a two-step switching process for the wide and narrow Fe bars is observed, indicative for a narrow switching field distribution in this array. In addition, hysteresis loops were determined as a function of the diffraction order for the hard and easy axis direction. The loops at different orders of diffraction can qualitatively and quantitatively be described by Fourier transformations of micromagnetic simulations.     

Electric field-induced birefringence, optical rotatory power and conoscopic measurements of a chiral antiferroelectric smectic liquid crystal

Using a photoelastic modulator-based novel set-up, the electric field-induced in-plane birefringence and the optical rotatory power (ORP) were measured of an antiferroelectric liquid crystalline compound (12OF1M7) in its various phases using 30 µm homeotropic cells. Some specific signatures of the in-plane birefringence and of the ORP for the various phases are being established. A relatively small threshold field is needed for the unwinding process of the antiferroelectric phase with a unit cell of four layers [SmC_A*(1/2)] compared with that for two layers [SmC_A*(0)]. On application of the electric field on the high temperature side of the SmC_A*(1/2) phase (80.1-81.5°C), a field-induced phase transition is shown to occur directly to the SmC* phase, whereas on the lower temperature side (79.4-80.1°C) the transition takes place to SmC* via the SmC_A*(1/3) phase. The in-plane birefringence exhibits a critical power law dependence for the SmC*-SmA transition. The ORP changes sign within the temperature range of the phase with a unit cell of three layers, reflecting a change in the handedness during this phase. Using tilted conoscopy, the results for the biaxiality and the apparent tilt angle for a smectic liquid crystal with a tilt angle greater than 18° in the ferroelectric phase are reported. The biaxiality implies the difference in the refractive indices between the two minor axes of the refractive index ellipsoid. The optical transmittance at visible and IR wavelengths for free-standing films reveal characteristic reflection bands for these phases. The modulated structures of the reflected bands appear just above the SmC_A* phase and below SmC_A*(1/3); these are possibly due to an easy deformation of the phase by the surfaces.     

Counterion and solvent effects on the dilute solution viscosity of polystyrene ionomers

We present an analysis of data on the intrinsic viscosity [η] of sulfo-polystyrene ionomers in several solvents for a variety of sulfonation levels and counterions. For solvents of low dielectric constant, 2 < ε < 18, [η] decreases from the base polymer value [η]₀ with increasing substitution level. This behavior was attributed to intramolecular association of ionic dipoles. The ratio [η]/[η]₀ was found to depend on a single reduced variable α_Aα_Sx, where x is the fractional substitution, α_A depends only on the counterion, and α_S ∝ ε^?1 depends only on the solvent. For solvents of high dielectric constant, 36 < ε < 47, [η] increases approximately as x³, and counterion effects are small. This behavior was attributed to ionic dissociation, giving rise to a polyelectrolyte effect. Implications of the low ε results are discussed in relation to association-induced gelation behavior and possible generalizations of the reduced variables approach.     

Odd triplet superconductivity in superconductor ferromagnet structures: a survey

We review the main features of odd triplet superconductivity in superconductor-ferromagnet (S/F) structures. We discuss the different types of superconducting condensate that can be experimentally observed and pay special attention to the triplet component induced in a ferromagnet which is in contact with a superconductor. The triplet component is an even function of the momentum and an odd function of the frequency and leads to novel phenomena. PACS 74.78.Fk; 73.23.-b; 74.50.+r; 75.70.-i     

Isomorphically rigid algebras

Various classes of non-associative algebras possessing the property of being rigid under abstract isomorphisms are studied. Supported by RFBR grant No. 06-01-00159a. __________ Translated from Algebra i Logika, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 483–502, July–August, 2007.