Stable molecular configuration in crystalline carboxylic acids

The stable (lower enthalpy) molecular configurations of propionic, butyric, Jeric and lauric acids in the crystalline state have been examined via their atom-atom potentials. It was found that the cis configuration is more stable than the trans configuration for propionic, butyric and valeric acids, and that the trans configuration is more stable than the cis configuration for lauric acid, in accord with a previous IR spectral analysis. The potential energy of benzoic acid was recalculated using the positions of atoms given by Speakman, and indicates that the A form is more stable than the B form, in agreement with the results of previous work.     

Phase transition in the family LaxBi4−xTi3O12: In relation to lattice symmetry and distortion

The ferroelectric phase transition in the family La_xBi_4?xTi₃O₁₂ was investigated by X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The crystal symmetry is orthorhombic in the range of 1 > x ≥ 0 and tetragonal in x ? 1. It was found that the shift of the phase-transition temperature is closely related to crystallographic symmetry and lattice distortion. (1) As the value of x increases, the ratio of lattice parameters, $\text{a}\text{b}$, decreases toward 1. (2) In the range of 1 > x ≥ 0, the lattice distortion increases with increasing x; just before x exceeds about 1, the distortion reaches a maximum. (3) As x exceeds about 1, the distortion decreases distinctively. (4) In the orthorhombic region, the phase-transition temperature decreases with increasing x. (5) In the tetragonal region, the transition does not occur. (6) The relation of transition temperature T_c to x is represented by a nonlinear function.     

A ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor, 1,10-phenanthroline-4,7-dione, for anions in aqueous-organic media

A new fluorescent chemosensor, 1,10-phenanthroline-4,7-dione (1), which is capable of the ratiometric sensing of anions in aqueous MeCN, was developed. Chemosensor 1 recognized an anion via two NH groups in the molecule, and showed a much higher affinity for F⁻ than that of 4-quinolone, which binds to an anion at one NH group of the molecule. Upon binding to F⁻, the intensity of the emission band ascribed to the complex of 1-F⁻ was drastically enhanced, while the emission intensity of unbound 1 gradually decreased. The changes in these two emission bands enabled the successful ratiometric sensing.     

Synthesis of 1-triazolyl-4-trimethylsilyl-2-butanol and 1-triazolyl-5-trimethylsilyl-2-pentanol derivatives and an investigation of their fungicidal activities

A new series of azole derivatives of 1-triazolyl-4-trimethylsilyl-2-butanol and 1-triazolyl-5-trimethylsilyl-2-pentanol were synthesized and evaluated for fungicidal activities against rice blast, sheath blight, and powdery mildew on barley. The derivatives of 2,4-difluorobenzene exhibited high antifungal activities when applied by spray, but exhibited no fungicidal activity by submerged application.     

Chemical Modification of Chitosan, 17

The Michael reaction of chitosan with acrylic acid was carried out successfully, even in water alone as the reaction medium. As a consequence of its good solubility in water, the reaction product, N‐carboxyethylchitosan, showed excellent biodegradable properties with standard activated sludge.

     

Reactivity of N-alkanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines (O-acylTEMPOs) towards hydride-transferring or metallic alkylating reagents; unprecedented stability and application to chemoselective transformations

Owing to the unprecedented stability of O-acylTEMPOs towards hydride-transferring and metallic alkylating reagents such as LiAlH4 and RMgX, chemoselective transformation of diacid mixed alkyl/TEMP-1-yl esters, where O-acylTEMPOs remained intact, is achieved with these reagents, giving the corresponding carbinols, respectively.     

Double elimination protocol for synthesis of 5,6,11,12-tetradehydrodibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene

A new method for constructing 5,6,11,12-tetradehydrodibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene is described on the basis of one-pot double elimination protocol. The target molecule, which is the smallest cyclophane with alternate arylene-ethynylene linkage, is synthesized in 61 % yield through oxidative dimerization of ortho-(phenylsulfonylmethyl)benzaldehyde. The initial carbon-carbon bond formation between sp(3) carbons followed by stepwise conversion to sp(2) and finally sp carbons bypasses the difficulty encountered in direct coupling of the sp carbon in the terminal acetylene. The mechanism of this process is discussed. The Wittig-Horner-type coupling is a key reaction employed for the carbon-carbon bond formation. Generation of (E)-vinylsulfone moiety in the first coupling between alpha-sulfonyl anion and aldehyde functions is crucial for the effective second coupling to complete the cyclization. The syn-elimination of the (E)-vinylsulfone moieties in the cyclized intermediate furnishes the acetylenic bonds.     

The strong Lefschetz property for complete intersections defined by products of linear forms

We prove the strong Lefschetz property for certain complete intersections defined by products of linear forms, using a characterization of the strong Lefschetz property in terms of central simple modules.