ARMMS: Analogical reasoning model management system for multicriteria vehicle scheduling

The transportation industry problem of scheduling vehicles combines the spatial characteristics of routing with time domain considerations of activity schedules. The problem is complex because of the numerous interacting constraints in the spatial and time domains. Further, some of the constraints are flexible and some arise in real-time. The scheduling problem is often presented with multiple objectives that are not all economic in nature and which can be contradictory to one another. In response to these needs, this paper describes an analogical reasoning model management system, called ARMMS, designed in the domain of vehicle scheduling. ARMMS consists of knowledge bases and data bases, a truth maintenance system, a user interface, an inference engine, a learning mechanism, and a model library. Given a scheduling problem, ARMMS searches its memory for solutions. If no solution is available, ARMMS falls back on an analogical problem solving approach in which similar experience can be recalled, and solutions to new, but similar, problems can be constructed. If no similar experience exists, ARMMS intelligently selects an appropriate algorithmic model from its model library, based on the input parameters and problem type, to solve the given problem. By combining experts' knowledge, analogical problem-solving approaches, and algorithmic methods, ARMMS provides an efficient problem-solving approach for vehicle scheduling and routing. ARMMS is also a feasible base for the development of intelligent model management systems.     

Six quark cluster effects and Λ-binding energy difference between the mirror hypernuclei Λ 4 He and Λ 4 He

The lambda binding energy difference between two mirror hypernuclei _Λ ⁴ He and _Λ ⁴ He is studied by incorporating the quark structure of nucleons, specially the six quark cluster effects. A small contribution in the binding energy difference (59 keV in the non-relativistic quark model and 29 keV in the bag model) is obtained in the present work.     

Influence of quantization of band states on the thermoelectric power in II–VI semiconductors

Summary An attempt is made to present a simplified analysis of the thermoelectric power in II–VI semiconductors in the presence of quantization of band states under different physical conditions. The thermopower decreases with increasing electron concentration in different manners, which is a direct consequence of band state quantization. We have plotted the thermopower with various other physical variables and the same power exhibits different types of oscillations in low-dimensions, respectively. The well-known results for parabolic energy bands have also been obtained as special cases of our generalized formulations under certain limiting conditions. In addition, the theoretical results are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data.     

Core polarization and magnetic moment of some odd-mass nuclei around N = 50

The effect of core polarization on the magnetic moment is studied for odd-mass nuclei around $\text{N = 50:}{}^{\mathrm{85,\; 87}}\text{Kr}\text{,}{}^{\mathrm{87,\; 89}}\text{Sr}\text{,}{}^{91}\text{Zr and}{}^{89}\text{Y}$. The calculation is done in the framework of the modified Tamm-Dancoff approximation (MTDA). The ground-state wave function is calculated using the configuration space of p?f$\text{\$}\text{?}$and ?dg$\text{\$}\text{?}$shells. The core polarization correction to the magnetic moment is considerable for all the nuclei, except ⁸⁹Y, and it depends upon the particular form of the interaction. For ⁸⁹Y the last odd proton is in the $\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ level and the smallness of the correction is supported by the observed value of the magnetic moment.     

Heat transfer in a corner flow

The paper describes a method of evaluating heat transfer in corner flow of an incompressible fluid with suction

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Wärmeübertragung in einer Eckenströmung

Zusammenfassung Der Aufsatz beschreibt eine Methode zur Berechnung des Wärmeübergangs bei Strömung eines inkompressiblen Fluids in eine Ecke mit Absaugung.

     

Use of HNO(3) as the source of NO to prepare a nitric oxide complex of ruthenium

Reaction of cis-Ru(bisox)(2)Cl(2), where bisox is 4,4,4',4'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bisoxazoline, with HNO(3) in 1 : 4 molar proportion in boiling water under N(2) atmosphere and subsequent addition of an excess of NaClO(4).H(2)O yields [Ru(bisox)(HL)(NO)](ClO(4))(NO(3)) (1). HL is a hydrolysed form of bisox where one of the oxazoline rings opens up. X-Ray crystallography shows that 1 contains an octahedral RuN(5)O core. HL binds the metal through an imino N, an amide N and an alcoholic O atom. Reaction of cis-Ru(bisox)(2)Cl(2) with an excess of NaNO(2) in water gives cis-Ru(bisox)(2)(NO(2))(2) (2). On acidification by HClO(4) in methanol, is smoothly converted to cis-[Ru(bisox)(2)(NO(2))(NO)](ClO(4))(2) (3) due to equilibrium (1). [formula: see text] (1) The X-ray crystal structures of 2 and 3 have also been determined. NO binds Ru in 1 and 3 linearly. The Ru-NO bond length in 1 is 1.764(13) A and that in 3 is approximately 1.78 A. All the three complexes have been characterised by FTIR, NMR and ESIMS. The NO stretching frequencies in 1 and 3 are 1897 and 1936 cm(-1) respectively. While 3 reverts back to 2 readily in presence of OH(-) [equilibrium (1)], 1 does not react with OH(-). It is concluded that while in the reaction of cis-Ru(bisox)(2)Cl(2) with HNO(3), bisox is hydrolysed following abstraction of NO from HNO(3), generation of the nitrosyl complex 3 via reaction (1) is not accompanied with such hydrolysis.     

Luminescence,Plasmonic, and Magnetic Properties of Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Introducing a few atoms of impurities or dopants in semiconductor nanocrystals can drastically alter the existing properties or even introduce new properties. For example, mid-gap states created by doping tremendously affect photocatalytic activities and surface controlled redox reactions, generate new emission centers, show thermometric optical switching, make FRET donors by enhancing the excited state lifetime, and also create localized surface plasmon resonance induced low energy absorption. In addition, researchers have more recently started focusing their attention on doped nanocrystals as an important and alternative material for solar energy conversion to meet the current demand for renewable energy. Moreover, the electrical and magnetic properties of the host are also strongly altered on doping. These beneficial dopant-induced changes suggest that doped nanocrystals with proper selections of dopant–host pairs may be helpful for generating designer materials for a wide range of current technological needs. How properties relate to the doping of a variety of semiconductor nanocrystals are summarized in this Review.     

A General Synthetic Approach for Designing Epitope Targeted Macrocyclic Peptide Ligands

We describe a general synthetic strategy for developing high‐affinity peptide binders against specific epitopes of challenging protein biomarkers. The epitope of interest is synthesized as a polypeptide, with a detection biotin tag and a strategically placed azide (or alkyne) presenting amino acid. This synthetic epitope (SynEp) is incubated with a library of complementary alkyne or azide presenting peptides. Library elements that bind the SynEp in the correct orientation undergo the Huisgen cycloaddition, and are covalently linked to the SynEp. Hit peptides are tested against the full‐length protein to identify the best binder. We describe development of epitope‐targeted linear or macrocycle peptide ligands against 12 different diagnostic or therapeutic analytes. The general epitope targeting capability for these low molecular weight synthetic ligands enables a range of therapeutic and diagnostic applications, similar to those of monoclonal antibodies.     

Colloidal CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals: Luminescence beyond Traditional Quantum Dots

Traditional CdSe‐based colloidal quantum dots (cQDs) have interesting photoluminescence (PL) properties. Herein we highlight the advantages in both ensemble and single‐nanocrystal PL of colloidal CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals (NCs) over the traditional cQDs. An ensemble of colloidal CsPbBr₃ NCs (11 nm) exhibits ca. 90 % PL quantum yield with narrow (FWHM=86 meV) spectral width. Interestingly, the spectral width of a single‐NC and an ensemble are almost identical, ruling out the problem of size‐distribution in PL broadening. Eliminating this problem leads to a negligible influence of self‐absorption and Förster resonance energy transfer, along with batch‐to‐batch reproducibility of NCs exhibiting PL peaks within ±1 nm. Also, PL peak positions do not alter with measurement temperature in the range of 25 to 100 °C. Importantly, CsPbBr₃ NCs exhibit suppressed PL blinking with ca. 90 % of the individual NCs remain mostly emissive (on‐time >85 %), without much influence of excitation power.     

Effects of cooling rate on the microstructure and solute partitioning in near eutectoid Ti–Cu alloys

The effect of cooling rate on eutectoid decomposition in a near eutectoid (Ti-5.5 at.% Cu) alloy has been investigated in a systematic manner by coupling scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography studies. Thus, the competition between nucleation and growth of proeutectoid α plates from pre-existing β grain boundaries, and eutectoid decomposition (α?+?Ti₂Cu) via a pearlitic mechanism has been studied as a function of cooling rate, using a Jominy-end quenched sample that was cooled from the high-temperature single β phase. When the alloy was subjected to very fast cooling (160?K/s), proeutectoid α plates, supersaturated in Cu, are formed along with a highly refined lamellar eutectoid product between these α plates. In contrast, intermediate (9?K/s) and slow (2?K/s) cooling results in considerably coarser proeutectoid α plates as well as lamellar eutectoid products. With the decrease in the cooling rate, there was a substantial increase in the volume fraction of the lamellar eutectoid product and the composition of all decomposition products approached their equilibrium values. Also, the slowest cooled sample (2?K/s) exhibited substantially rougher and irregular interfaces between the proeutectoid α and the lamellar eutectoid product, which seems to promote the cooperative growth of lamellar α?+?Ti₂Cu. Irrespective of the cooling rate, nucleation of the lamellar eutectoid (α?+?Ti₂Cu) product appears to only occur at the interface between the proeutectoid α plates and the β matrix.