Fuzzy control strategies in human operator and sport modeling

The motivation behind mathematically modeling the human operator is to help explain the response characteristics of the complex dynamical system including the human manual controller. In this paper, we present two different fuzzy logic strategies for human operator and sport modeling: fixed fuzzy-logic inference control and adaptive fuzzy-logic control, including neuro-fuzzy-fractal control. As an application of the presented fuzzy strategies, we present a fuzzy-control based tennis simulator.     

Imaging resolution signal-to-noise ratio in transverse phase amplification from classical information theory

A quantum phase amplifier operated in the spatial domain can improve the signal-to-noise ratio in imaging beyond the classical limit. The scaling of the signal-to-noise ratio with the gain of the quantum phase amplifier is derived from classical information theory.     

Cytochrome P450 BM-3 in complex with its substrate: Temperature-dependent spin state equilibria in the oxidized and reduced states

In structural studies of cytochrome P450 enzymes, substrates have been seen to bind in a variety of modes; it is important to identify those with the closest resemblance to the configurations adopted during selective oxidation. We attempt here to identify conditions in which the catalytic binding mode of cytochrome P450 BM-3 saturated with N-palmitoylglycine is highly populated. When the substrate binds directly atop the heme, primed for oxidation, displacement of the water ligand is necessary, and thereby the ferric heme is generally converted from low-spin to high-spin. Using both optical spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, studying both the full-length enzyme and the isolated heme domain, we show that a high population of the high-spin form is seen at room temperature and above, but not at reduced temperatures. In contrast, the reduced state exhibits high spin throughout the temperature range. The isotropic chemical shift of deuterons in the substrate bound to the oxidized and reduced forms of the enzyme was temperature-dependent, consistent with the presence of a nearby paramagnetic center, but temperature-independent for the diamagnetic CO-bound form, and for the free form of the compound. The reduced (ferrous heme) species shows Curie law dependence of the²H substrate chemical shift with respect to temperature from ?54 to +35 °C, but the oxidized (ferric heme) species showed a pronounced non-Curie dependence in both the²H and the¹³C shift of the substrate’s methyl group, with the effect of the paramagnetic heme at low temperatures being much reduced. These data are consistent with a mixture of at least two binding modes in rapid equilibrium wherein the heme is high-spin at room temperature but low-spin at cryogenic temperatures.     

Kinetic vortex chain solution in the drift-wave plasma regime

A fully nonlinear Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal stationary solution is found in the form of a quasi-three-dimensional chain of electron holes coupled to hydrodynamic vortices. This new coherent structure is enabled by the trapping and depletion of resonant particles, and the cyclotron dissipation of the singular current sheets. It is expected to play an important role in the collisionless magnetic field line reconnection in the drift-wave plasma regime, where it represents a plausible saturated state.     

Substituent and solvent effects on tautomeric equilibria of barbituric acid derivatives and isoterically related compounds

N-Mono and N,N-dialkyl/diarylbarbituric acids exist in solution as a single tautomer. The ¹³C nmr spectroscopy shows that they are present in the triketo form in a number of polar and non-polar solvents. 2-Thiobarbituric acid derivatives, however, show extensive tautomerization. Their ¹³C chemical shift assignments were achieved by utilizing models 11a , 11c , 12b and 12d and from which relative tautomer distribution ratios were determined. These ratios were correlated with the dielectric constant of the various solvents (?). Thio-barbituric acids also formed adducts with solvents having carbonyl groups, characteristic observed only with barbiturates possessing the thione or thiophenolic group. 6-Amino and 6-methyluracils and thiouracils exist in DMSO solution as stable “ene” forms as do orotic acid, 24 , and its thio analogue 25. Compound 25 undergoes disproportionantion and tautomerization when heated or on prolonged standing in solution. Literature contradictions regarding the structure of “4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine,” 26 , were resolved and its tautomers in solution correctly assigned by ¹³C nmr. Anions of barbiturics and related systems exist in one of the two possible types A and B, depending on whether ring nitrogens are substituted (type A), or not (type B). Rapid H/D exchange at C₅ was evident from C-deuterium coupling. The redistribution of charge through C₄(C₆) carbonyl groups shown by ¹³C shifts of carbonyl carbon atoms of up to 10 ppm as compared to the CO carbons of the neutral species was evident.     

Breitbandige Lichtmodulation

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Molecular structure and 13C chemical shift assignments of 10-(2′-pyridyl)pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazine using 10-phenylpyrido[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazine as the model compound

The crystal structure of 10-(2′-pyridyl)pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazine, 6 , shows that orientation of the 10-pyridyl ring is in the plane bisecting the pyridobenzothiazine ring. This orientation is in contrast to that of 10-(2′-pyridyl)phenothiazine, 11 , in which the heterocyclic ring is perpendicular to the plane bisecting the phenothiazine nucleus. X-ray data also indicate that the resonance interaction between the lone pair of electrons of NSUB10 in 6 with either the pyridine protons of the tricylcic ring or the 10-(2′-pyridyl) ring is not significant. The folding angle of 166.1° in 6 is the largest observed for the pyridobenzothiazine ring. The nmr spectral assignments of the titled compound, 6 , was accomplished using the structurally similar, 10-phenylpyrido[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazine, 9 , as the model compound. 10-(2′-Pyridyl)phenothiazine, 11 , was shown to be an inadequate model for such assigments.     

The thermal degradation kinetics of dextran and pullulan

The effect of molar mass and, in the case of dextran, of the degree of branching on the thermal degradation kinetics of dextran and pullulan was studied in the presence and absence of oxygen. Although the initial mass loss of the dextran samples occurred at higher temperatures than that of the pullulan samples, the overall thermal degradation activation energies were lower for dextran than for pullulan. In the case of dextran the thermal stability was found to decrease with molar mass and degree of branching. The molar mass of pullulan, in the range of 10⁴ to 10⁵ g/mol, appeared to have no significant influence on the thermal characteristics of the samples.     

Determination of structure and 13C chemical shift assignments of the nitration products of 2-chloro-10-methylphenothiazine. X-Ray molecular structure of 2-chloro-7-nitro-10-methylphenothiazine 5-oxide

Nitration of 2-chloro-10-methylphenothiazine, 1 , yields two mono-nitro compounds identified as sulfoxide 2 and sulfone 3 . The nmr analyses of the ¹³C spectra of 2 and 3 establish unequivocally that in both compounds substitution has occurred at the seven position. This is supported by the X-ray crystal structure of one of the compounds 2-chloro-7-nitro-10-methylphenothiazine 5-oxide, 2 , which also shows that the sulfoxide group is in the “pseudo-axial” configuration. Crystals of 2 are monoclinic, space group P2₁/n, a = 11.606(4), b = 13.970(4)Å, c = 9.837(2), β = 127.49(2)° and Z = 4. The structure has been refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0.033 and R_w = 0.035, using 1704 observed reflections.     

Some elucidations to the concept of the effective resonance energy\bar E_r

The concept of the effective resonance energy , formerly introduced as a parameter in the absolute (e.g. k₀-) standardization methodology of (n, ) activation analysis, is elucidated with respect to dimensioning, accuracy and usefulness.