Synthesis of novel optical isomers of α-methylpolyamines

Earlier unknown (R)- and (S)-α-methylspermidine, (R)- and (S)-α-methylspermine, (R,R)-, (S,S)-, and (R,S)-α,ω-dimethylspermine were synthesized in gram scale from readily available (R)- and (S)-2-aminopropanols in high overall yields.     

Channel selective scanning tunneling spectroscopy

In this paper we simulate STM and STS experiments for CO monomers and dimers on Cu(1 1 1) surface. We show that the contrast of STM images can be attributed to interference effects between tunneling channels, and suggest that functionalizing the microscope tip improves the channel selectivity of STM. Furthermore, we show that voltage and position dependent tunneling spectra also reflect the same interference effects, but adds the energy resolution to the channel analysis. Especially in the case of nonresonant tunneling, STS measures local density of states only indirectly. The present study suggests that STS in constant height mode can be used in investigating the phase and energy sensitivity of tunneling channels in adsorbate molecules and nanostructures.     

Variational principles and linked-cluster exp S expansions for static and dynamic many-body problems

The exp S formalism for the ground state of a many-body system is derived from a variational principle. An energy functional is constructed using certain n-body linked-cluster amplitudes with respect to which the functional is required to be stationary. By using two different sets of amplitudes one either recovers the normal exp S method or obtains a new scheme called the extended exp S method. The same functional can be used also to obtain the average values of any operators as well as the linear response to static perturbations. The theory is extended to treat dynamical phenomena by introducing time dependence to the cluster amplitudes. This allows the calculation of both nonlinear dynamical behaviour and of dynamical linear response and Green's functions. Practical approximation schemes are considered. In a SUB n approximation the m-body amplitudes are restricted to the order $\text{m ? n}$ and the energy functional is a finite-order multinomial in the amplitudes to be variationally determined. It is shown that the solution corresponds to summing well-defined subsets of Goldstone diagrams. These subsets are conveniently specificed in terms of tree structures, the normal or extended generalized time ordering g.t.o. trees. The extended exp S method is in the SUB n approximation able to sum, in addition to the normal SUB n diagrams, a set which contains m-body cluster amplitudes of arbitrarily high order (m > n) in the ordinary sense. The article also discusses how the SUB n truncation schemes must be modified to be able to treat a system with a strong repulsive core in the two-body interaction. The method is formulated for the general cases of Bose and Fermi systems which may or may not conserve total particle number. It is shown that the simplest approximation, SUB 1, in the extended exp S method agrees with the mean field theory, which is the coherent-state approximation in the boson case or the Hartree-Fock approximation in the fermion case. It is argued that the extended exp S method already in low-order approximations can realistically treat a great variety of diverse many-body problems, even including systems which may undergo ground-state phase transitions. A few applications are described in more detail. The Bose liquid is treated in the extended SUB 2 approximation. It is shown that the ground-state results in the uniform limit are exact and agree with the hypernetted-chain approximation. The modifications due to hard-core interactions and the non-linear equations of motion are also discussed in this case. For Fermi systems it is shown that the supercondictive phase transition of the BCS model Hamiltonian and the deformation phase transition of the Lipkin model are properly obtained by the extended exp S method in a low-order approximation.     

Association of tert-butyl alcohol: a matrix infrared study

Infrared spectra of (CH₃) ₃COH, (CH₃)₃COD, (CD₃)₃COH and (CD₃)₃COD have been studied in the liquid and solid states, in CCl₄ and CS₂ solutions, and in argon, krypton and nitrogen matrices. The Raman spectra of the solids and of CCl₄, and H₂O solutions have been recorded. The matrix infrared results show that in the matrices tert-butyl alcohol has two well-defined dimer associates, both of which seem to have an open-chain structure. A network is proposed for the higher associates. The relative strengths of the protium and deuterium bonds are discussed in terms of the monomer hydroxyl-stretching frequencies and the Δv shifts. Association characteristics of the most important fundamental bands in several spectra are given.     

Internal structure of neutron stars

The equation of state and the structure and composition of neutron star matter are investigated in the density region 3.1 × 10¹¹−2 × 10¹⁵g/cm³. Below the density 3.1 × 10¹¹ g/cm³ the matter is a solid consisting of neutron-rich nuclei in a degenerate electron gas. At 3.1 × 10¹¹g/cm³ neutrons start to drip out of the nuclei; as the density increases, the lattice spacing continuously decreases while the geometrical size of the nuclei only slightly increases, until at about 15 × 10¹³g/cm³ the nuclei disappear by coalescing into a homogeneous liquid in an almost continuous phase transition. The maximum proton number per nucleus is 40, which is obtained between the densities 1−2.5 × 10¹³g/cm³; after that the proton number decreases until at the solid-to-liquid phase boundary it is about 20. In the liquid-core region, muons appear at the density 20.5 × 10¹³g/cm³.     

Step algebras of semi-simple subalgebras of Lie algebras

For each pair (G,K) where G is a complex finite-dimensional Lie algebra and K a semi-simple subalgebra of G, we construct an associative algebra (step algebra) $\text{Y}$ (G,K) and a homomorphism i_*: $\text{Y}$ (G,K)→E(G) is the enveloping algebra of G. $\text{Y}$ (G,K) has the following properties: (1) If V is any G-module and x ? V a K-maximal vector, then sx = i_* (s)x is K-maximal for any s ? $\text{Y}$ (G,K); (2) If V is irreducible and a certain simple criteria is fulfilled, then any K-maximal vector can be written in the form sx_m, s ? $\text{Y}$ (G,K), where x_m is some fixed K-maximal vector. Because of these properties $\text{Y}$ (G,K) has great practical value when constructing irreducible representations of Lie algebras in a form which makes the reduction with respect to a semi-simple subalgebra explicit.     

Nano-scale mapping of mechanical and chemical surface properties of pigment coated surfaces by torsional harmonic atomic force microscopy

In this study, torsional harmonic atomic force microscopy (TH-AFM, HarmoniX mode) was applied for surface mapping of the mechanical properties of pigment-latex coated paper samples. In addition, topographic images and force maps of adhesive tip-sample interactions were captured concurrently. The spatial distribution of latex binder on the composite surface was distinguished with high resolution. The latex was found to dominate the surface chemistry of the composite coating, despite the fact that latex is a minor component in the coating color formulation. The latex resided as a thick layer between the pigments and as a thin layer on the individual pigments. In addition, the tip-sample thermodynamic work of adhesion of the composite materials on the coated surface was compared to the surface energy values obtained by contact angle measurements. A high tip-sample work of adhesion correlated to high surface energy.     

Sulfonated cellulose nanofibrils obtained from wood pulp through regioselective oxidative bisulfite pre-treatment

The consecutive pre-treatment of cellulose with periodate and bisulfite was used as a new potential method to promote nanofibrillation of hardwood pulp and to obtain nanofibrils with sulfonated functionality. Nanofibrils having typical widths of 10–60 nm were obtained from sulfonated celluloses having low anionic charge densities (0.18–0.51 mmol/g) by direct high-pressure homogenization without the use of any mechanical pre-treatments. The aqueous nanofibrils existed as highly viscous and transparent gels and possessed cellulose I crystalline structures with crystallinity indexes of approximately 40 %. A transparent film was obtained from sulfonated nanofibrils having tensile strength of 164 ± 4 MPa and Young’s modulus of 13.5 ± 0.4 MPa. Oxidative sulfonation was shown to be a potential green method to promote nanofibrillation of cellulose, as it avoids the production of halogenated wastes, because the periodate used can be efficiently regenerated and recycled as shown in the preliminary experiments.     

Vacuum expectation values of products of chiral currents in 3+1 dimensions

An algebraic rule is presented for computing expectation values of products of local nonabelian charge operators for fermions coupled to an external vector potential in 3+1 space-time dimensions. The vacuum expectation value of a product of four operators is closely related to a cyclic cocycle in noncommutative geometry of Alain Connes. The relevant representation of the current is constructed using Kirillov's method of coadjoint orbits.     

Analysis of the time structure of the GLE on February 16, 1984

Summary The time structure of the ground-level event on February 16, 1984 was studied by using 30 s data of the Turku double neutron monitor. The onset time of the event was found to be (09:06:00±1) min U.T. The time between the injection of protons from the flare site and release of relativistic particles into interplanetary space was (6÷7) min. The linear rise rate of the event at Turku was 5.4%/min and the rise time (5±1) min. The event was complicated in structure consisting of at least two separate pulses of particles, the first lasting for about 14 min and the second about 8 min.

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Riassunto Si è studiata la struttura dell'evento a livello del suolo verificatosi il 16 Febbraio 1984 usando i dati a 30 s del doppio monitor neutronico Turku. Si è trovato che il tempo all'inizio dell'evento a Turku era (09:06:00±1) min U.T. Il tempo tra l'iniezione di protoni dal sito di brillamento e il rilascio di particelle relativistiche nello spazio interplanetario era di (6÷7) min. Il tasso lineare d'incremento dell'evento a Turku era di 5.4%/min e il tempo di incremento era di (5±1) min. L'evento era complicato nella sua struttura, che consiste in almeno due impulsi separati di particelle, il primo di durata di circa 14 min e il secondo di circa 8 min.

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Резюме Исследуется временная структура события на уровне земли 16 февраля 1984 г., используя 30-секундные данные с двойного нейтронного монитора в Турку. Время начала события составляет 09:06:00±1 минут U.T. Время между инжекцией протонов от места вспымки и высвобождением релятивистских частиц в межпланетное пространство составило (6÷7) минут. Линейная скорость возрастания события в Турку была 5.4%/мин, а время возрастания было (5±1) минут. Это событие имело сложную структуру, которая состоит, по крайней мере, из двух изолированных импульсов частиц, первый имеет продолжительность около 14 минут, а второй—около 8 минут.