Pressure effect on emission spectra and crystal field for La OBr : Eu

Abstract

The emission spectra for LaOBr : Eu were measured at pressures up to 13 GPa and room temperature. The pressure dependences of levels of ⁷F_0,1,2,3,4 and ⁵D_0,1,2 are given. The crystal field parameters B^k _q were computed by fitting the experimental levels. The strength of crystal field decreases with increasing pressure. A brief discussion on the observed phenomena is presented.     

Shock wave research for engineering physics

Abstract

In this paper, several recent activities on shock wave research for engineering physics performed in China will be presented as the supplement of author's previous report of Ref. 1.     

Research on exponential regularization approach for nonnegative Tucker3 decomposition

Methods of nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF), such as NTF1, NTF2, etc., are extension of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) for multi-way data analysis. As an existing NTF method, nonnegative Tucker3 decomposition (NTD) is researched for three-way decomposition in this paper. Firstly, an approach utilizing matrix exponentials built on Tikhonov-type regularization to enforce sparseness is proposed to extract image features instead of exclusively using Tucker tensor decomposition. Meanwhile, updating algorithms, derived from updating rules of NMF, are allowed to efficiently implement updating of mode matrices and core tensors alternatively for accuracy. Then, experimental cases of alternating least squares (ALS) and conjugate nonnegative constraints, called nonnegative alternating least squares (NALS), are studied to remedy data overfitting in computing procedures. Lastly, the proposed method exhibits more advantageous results than other algorithms of Tucker3 for feature extraction, thanks to computer simulations performed in the context of data analysis.     

Measuring the wavelength of light wave with four-sides prism spectrograph

The angular dispersion of four-sides prism is presented. A more accurate amended expression of measuring the wavelength of light wave with the spacing between two spectral lines is presented. The spacing between two spectral lines is measured with measuring microscope, the wavelength of light wave is calculated with the amended expression, the experimental values of wavelengths agree well with the reference value.     

Time operator in QFT with Virasoro constraints

Time operator is studied on the basis of field quantization, where the difficulty stemming from Pauli?s theorem is circumvented by borrowing ideas from the covariant quantization of the bosonic string, i.e., one can remove the negative energy states by imposing Virasoro constraints. Applying the index theorem, one can show that in a different subspace of a Fock space, there is a different self-adjoint time operator. However, the self-adjoint time operator in the maximal subspace of the Fock space can also represent the self-adjoint time operator in the other subspaces, such that it can be taken as the single, universal time operator. Furthermore, a new insight on Pauli?s theorem is presented.     

Differentiation of central gland prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia using monoexponential and biexponential diffusion-weighted imaging

PurposeTo investigate biexponential apparent diffusion parameters of prostate central gland (CG) cancer, stromal hyperplasia (SH), and glandular hyperplasia (GH) and compare with monoexponential apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value for discriminating prostate cancer from benign hyperplasia.Materials and MethodsTwenty-one CG cancer foci, 23 SH and 26 GH nodules in the CG were analyzed in 39 patients (19 with CG cancer, 20 with peripheral zone cancer but no CG cancer) who underwent preoperative conventional DWI (b-value 0, 1000 s/mm²) and a 10 b-value (range 0 to 3000 s/mm²) DWI. All of the cancer and hyperplastic foci on MR images were localized on the basis of histopathologic correlation. The ADC value of the monoexponential DWI, and the fast apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCf), slow apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCs) value and the fraction of ADCf (f) of the biexponential DWI were calculated for all of the lesions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed for the differentiation of CG cancer from SH and GH.ResultsThe ADC values (× 10^? 3 mm²/s) were 0.87 ± 0.11, 1.06 ± 0.15, and 1.61 ± 0.27 in CG cancer, SH and GH foci, respectively, and differed significantly, yielding areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 1.00 and 0.80 for the differentiation of carcinoma from GH and SH, respectively. The ADCf (× 10^? 3 mm²/s), ADCs (× 10^? 3 mm²/s) and f for cancer were 1.92 ± 0.38, 0.53 ± 0.17, and 47.7 ± 6.1%, respectively, which were lower than the same values for GH (3.43 ± 0.65, 1.12 ± 0.21, 61.1 ± 8.7%) (all p < 0.01). The ADCf and ADCs for cancer were also lower than those for SH (3.11 ± 0.30, 0.79 ± 0.21) (all p < 0.01). The ADCf yielded AUCs (1.00, p > 0.01) that were comparable to those from ADC for the differentiation of cancer from GH, while ADCf yielded higher AUCs (0.92) compared with ADC (p < 0.01) for the differentiation of cancer from SH. ADCs and f revealed AUCs of 0.97 and 0.90, respectively, for the differentiation of cancer from GH, and the ADCs offered relatively lower AUCs (0.68) for differentiating cancer from SH.ConclusionBiexponential DWI could potentially improve the differentiation of prostate cancer in CG, and the ADCf of the biexponential model offers better accuracy than ADC.     

Sonochemical synthesis of hierarchical ZnO nanostructures

This work is about fabrication of ZnO nanostructures (ZnO-NS) via a simple sonochemical method. The chemicals used for the synthesis of various shaped ZnO are Zn salt, sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution without other structure directing agent or surfactant needed. This method is feasible and green, as it does not require high temperature and/or highly toxic chemicals. The shape of the ZnO-NS can be tuned by adjusting the ultrasound energy dissipated via varying the ultrasonication time from 5 to 60 min. It was found that uniform ZnO nanorods with diameter around 50 nm were formed after 15 min of ultrasonication while flowerlike ZnO-NS was formed after 30 min. This method produces high quality ZnO-NS with controllable shapes, uniformity, and purity.     

Optimisation of ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Sparganii rhizoma with response surface methodology

The present study reports on the extraction of phenolic compounds from sparganii rhizome. Box–Behnken Design (BBD), a widely used form of response surface methodology (RSM), was used to investigate the effect of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Three independent variables including ethanol concentration (%), extraction time (min) and solvent-to-material ratio (mL/g) were studied. The results showed that the optimal UAE condition was obtained with an ethanol concentration of 75.3%, an extraction time of 40 min and a solvent-to-material ratio of 19.21 mL/g for total phenols, and an ethanol concentration of 80%, an extraction time of 33.54 min and solvent-to-material ratio of 22.72 mL/g for combination of ρ-hydroxybenzaldehyde, ρ-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, rutin and kaempferol. The experimental values under optimal conditions were in good consistent with the predicted values, which suggested UAE is more efficient process as compared to solvent extraction.     

An experimental and modeling study of the autoignition of 3-methylheptane

An experimental and kinetic modeling study of the autoignition of 3-methylheptane, a compound representative of the high molecular weight lightly branched alkanes found in large quantities in conventional and synthetic aviation kerosene and diesel fuels, is reported. Shock tube and rapid compression machine ignition delay time measurements are reported over a wide range of conditions of relevance to combustion engine applications: temperatures from 678 to 1356 K; pressures of 6.5, 10, 20, and 50 atm; and equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. The wide range of temperatures examined provides observation of autoignition in three reactivity regimes, including the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) regime characteristic of paraffinic fuels. Comparisons made between the current ignition delay measurements for 3-methylheptane and previous results for n-octane and 2-methylheptane quantifies the influence of a single methyl substitution and its location on the reactivity of alkanes. It is found that the three C₈ alkane isomers have indistinguishable high-temperature ignition delay but their ignition delay times deviate in the NTC and low-temperature regimes in correlation with their research octane numbers. The experimental results are compared with the predictions of a proposed kinetic model that includes both high- and low-temperature oxidation chemistry. The model mechanistically explains the differences in reactivity for n-octane, 2-methylheptane, and 3-methylheptane in the NTC through the influence of the methyl substitution on the rates of isomerization reactions in the low-temperature chain branching pathway, that ultimately leads to ketohydroperoxide species, and the competition between low-temperature chain branching and the formation of cyclic ethers, in a chain propagating pathway.     

On the rate constants of OH + HO2 and HO2 + HO2: A comprehensive study of H2O2 thermal decomposition using multi-species laser absorption

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroperoxy (HO₂) reactions present in the H₂O₂ thermal decomposition system are important in combustion kinetics. H₂O₂ thermal decomposition has been studied behind reflected shock waves using H₂O and OH diagnostics in previous studies (Hong et al. (2009) [9] and Hong et al. (2010) [6,8]) to determine the rate constants of two major reactions: H₂O₂ + M → 2OH + M (k₁) and OH + H₂O₂ → H₂O + HO₂ (k₂). With the addition of a third diagnostic for HO₂ at 227 nm, the H₂O₂ thermal decomposition system can be comprehensively characterized for the first time. Specifically, the rate constants of two remaining major reactions in the system, OH + HO₂ → H₂O + O₂ (k₃) and HO₂ + HO₂ → H₂O₂ + O₂ (k₄) can be determined with high-fidelity.No strong temperature dependency was found between 1072 and 1283 K for the rate constant of OH + HO₂ → H₂O + O₂, which can be expressed by the combination of two Arrhenius forms: k₃ = 7.0 × 10¹² exp(550/T) + 4.5 × 10¹⁴ exp(?5500/T) [cm³ mol^?1 s^?1]. The rate constants of reaction HO₂ + HO₂ → H₂O₂ + O₂ determined agree very well with those reported by Kappel et al. (2002) [5]; the recommendation therefore remains unchanged: k₄ = 1.0 × 10¹⁴ exp(?5556/T) + 1.9 × 10¹¹⁺exp(709/T) [cm³ mol^?1 s^?1]. All the tests were performed near 1.7 atm.