Front Transparent Passivation of CIGS-Based Solar Cells via AZO

We report a novel strategy for the front passivation of solar cells via aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films in the case of CIGS solar cells, leading to the highest efficiency of 15.07% without alkali metal post treatment and anti−reflective layer. The good passivation of CIGS solar cells via AZO films is attributed to the field passivation simulated by the SCAPS−1D software. The AZO films also exhibit high optical transparency both in visible and near infrared wavelength region, high conductivity, and cost−effective fabrication advantage. Importantly, the AZO films are deposited at room temperature via radio−frequency magnetron sputtering, showing that the AZO films are also applicable to other solar cells such as perovskite solar cells. Our work is of significance for advancing the development of CIGS−based photovoltaics devices by the well front passivation of AZO. The wide application of AZO in other solar cells such as perovskite solar cells and related tandem solar cells may also accelerate the development of these solar cells because of potential passivation of AZO, low deposition temperature, and high optical transparency of AZO.     

Organic/Inorganic Species Synergistically Supported Unprecedented Vanadomolybdates

Vanadomolybdates (VMos), comprised of Mo and V in high valences with O bridges, are one of the most important types of polyoxometalates (POMs), which have high activity due to their strong capabilities of gaining/losing electrons. Compared with other POMs, the preparation of VMos is difficult due to their relatively low structural stability, especially those with unclassical architectures. To overcome this shortcoming, in this study, triol ligands were applied to synthesize VMos through a beaker reaction in the presence of V₂O₅, Na₂MoO₄, and organic species in the aqueous solution. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction results indicate that two VMo clusters, Na₄{V₅Mo₂O₁₉[CH₃C(CH₂O)₃]}∙13H₂O and Na₄{V₅Mo₂O₁₉[CH₃CH₂C(CH₂O)₃]}∙13H₂O, with a similar architecture, were synthesized, which were both stabilized by triol ligand and {MoO₆} polyhedron. Both clusters are composed of five V ions and one Mo ion in a classical Lindqvist arrangement with an additional Mo ion, showing an unprecedented hepta-nuclear VMo structure. The counter Na⁺ cations assemble into one-dimensional channels, which facilitates the transport of protons and was further confirmed by proton conductivity experiments. The present results provide a new strategy to prepare and stabilize VMos, which is applicable for developing other compounds, especially those with untraditional architectures.     

Mesoporous sodium four-coordinate aluminosilicate nanoparticles modulate dendritic cell pyroptosis and activate innate and adaptive immunity

Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death widely studied in cancer cells for tumour inhibition, but rarely in dendritic cell (DC) activation for vaccine development. Here, we report the synthesis of sodium stabilized mesoporous aluminosilicate nanoparticles as DC pyroptosis modulators and antigen carriers. By surface modification of sodium-stabilized four-coordinate aluminium species on dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles, the resultant Na-^IVAl-DMSN significantly activated DC through caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis via pH responsive intracellular ion exchange. The released proinflammatory cellular contents further mediated DC hyperactivation with prolonged cytokine release. In vivo studies showed that Na-^IVAl-DMSN induced enhanced cellular immunity mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells as well as humoral immune response. Our results provide a new principle for the design of next-generation nanoadjuvants for vaccine applications.

Na-^IVAl-DMSN acts as both antigen carriers and modulators to “hyperactivate” dendritic cells (DCs) via potassium (K⁺) efflux dependent pyroptosis, eventually leading to enhanced adaptive and innate immunity.     

UPLC-QTOF-MS法研究甘油三酯作为水生环境中农药污染的潜在生物标志物

以鲫鱼为代表性研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF-MS)技术,分别研究了3种农药(敌百虫、高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉)对其体内代谢的影响.通过Masslynx软件在MSE模式下采集数据,使用UNIFI软件进行自动检测和数据过滤,并将差异性物质与在线代谢组数据库进行比较,鉴定出甘油三酯类(TGs)物质具有明显差异.其中,吡虫啉对TGs代谢的影响最大,且肝脏的代谢差异比大脑更显著,低浓度的急性暴露诱导肝脏中的TGs积累,其含量与暴露浓度之间的关系符合Michaelis-Menten方程的增长趋势.结果表明,TGs可在短时间内(≤2 h)灵敏地反映农药吡虫啉的低浓度(≤20 ng/m L)暴露,可作为考察吡虫啉对水生生物毒性的潜在生物标记物,有助于建立一种快速、灵敏的预警方法.     

钽酸锂晶体高温富锂扩散工艺的研究

为了采用扩散法制备大厚度近化学计量比钽酸锂(nSLT)晶体,本文从富锂多晶料配比及合成工艺、极化工艺和扩散条件等方面对钽酸锂晶体高温富锂扩散工艺进行了研究,对处理后晶片组分、畴反转电压和光学均匀性进行了表征,研究了扩散条件对晶体组分的影响。结果表明,富锂多晶料锂钽为60/40时较佳,多次使用对所制备晶片组分、畴反转电压和光学质量无明显影响。在研究基础上,制备了系列nSLT晶片,晶片厚度最大为3.2 mm,其组分达到化学计量比且组分均匀,矫顽场约为152 V/mm,晶体光学质量满足实用需求。     

基于单透镜的空间光-单模光纤耦合方法

将自由空间光耦合进单模光纤产生超连续谱的实验中,空间光与单模光纤的耦合效率是其中的一个关键问题。常采用的单透镜或显微物镜进行耦合存在耦合效率低、调整难度大、端面易损伤等问题。提出了先将自由空间的光耦合进纤芯尺寸较大的单模光纤,然后将纤芯较大的单模光纤和纤芯较小的单模光纤进行熔接。实验结果表明,改进的耦合系统耦合效率大大提高,达到60％以上,且调整难度降低,光纤端面的损伤概率降低,大大提高了超连续谱产生的效率。     

旋转悬臂Rayleigh轴的Galerkin近似解1)

主要研究旋转悬臂Rayleigh轴的涡动频率和临界转速。基于Rayleigh 梁模型建立旋转悬臂Rayleigh轴的运动方程,通过Galerkin法将运动方程离散化,Galerkin 过程分别选择不旋转Euler--Bernoulli 轴的振型函数和旋转Rayleigh 轴的振型函数为试探函数,对不同方法得到的数值结果进行收敛性验证和对比分析,并且将其与涡动频率和临界转速的经典解 进行比较。结果表明,采用不旋转振型函数简单快捷,能够极大地方便计算过程,因此,将其用于近似求解旋转悬臂轴的动力学特性具有明显的优越性。     

Vanadium-Substituted Dawson-Type Polyoxometalate–TiO2 Nanowire Composite Film as Advanced Cathode Material for Bifunctional Electrochromic Energy-Storage Devices

Polyoxometalates (POMs) demonstrate potential for application in the development of integrated smart energy devices based on bifunctional electrochromic (EC) optical modulation and electrochemical energy storage. Herein, a nanocomposite thin film composed of a vanadium-substituted Dawson-type POM, i.e., K₇[P₂W₁₇VO₆₂]·18H₂O, and TiO₂ nanowires were constructed via the combination of hydrothermal and layer-by-layer self-assembly methods. Through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy characterisations, it was found that the TiO₂ nanowire substrate acts as a skeleton to adsorb POM nanoparticles, thereby avoiding the aggregation or stacking of POM particles. The unique three-dimensional core−shell structures of these nanocomposites with high specific surface areas increases the number of active sites during the reaction process and shortens the ion diffusion pathway, thereby improving the electrochemical activities and electrical conductivities. Compared with pure POM thin films, the composite films showed improved EC properties with a significant optical contrast (38.32% at 580 nm), a short response time (1.65 and 1.64 s for colouring and bleaching, respectively), an excellent colouration efficiency (116.5 cm² C⁻¹), and satisfactory energy-storage properties (volumetric capacitance = 297.1 F cm⁻³ at 0.2 mA cm⁻²). Finally, a solid-state electrochromic energy-storage (EES) device was fabricated using the composite film as the cathode. After charging, the constructed device was able to light up a single light-emitting diode for 20 s. These results highlight the promising features of POM-based EES devices and demonstrate their potential for use in a wide range of applications, such as smart windows, military camouflage, sensors, and intelligent systems.     

Interfacial Adhesion between Fatty Acid Collectors and Hydrophilic Surfaces: Implications for Low-Rank Coal Flotation

Fatty acids, which are enriched in vegetable oil, have attracted much attention in low-rank coal flotation because of their unique chemical structure. In this study, density functional theory calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, and atomic force microscopy were employed to investigate the adsorption structure and forces between collectors and hydrophilic surfaces. The results show that fatty acids can be easily adsorbed onto surfaces through hydrogen bonds, and can cover the oxygen sites. The existence of hydration film on hydrophilic surfaces prevented nonpolar molecules from being able to adsorb, while polar fatty acids could adsorb and expel water molecules. The adhesion force between the RCOOH-terminated probe and the surface appeared in the retraction process, which differed significantly from that of the RCH₃-terminated probe, indicating that polar fatty acids are more suitable as flotation collectors for low-rank coal than nonpolar hydrocarbon oil. The simulation and AFM test revealed the mechanisms of polar fatty acids, and can provide guidance for low-rank coal flotation applications.