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41.
42.
Surendra V. Singh Jayaram Vishakantaiah Jaya K. Meka Vijayan Sivaprahasam Vijayanand Chandrasekaran Rebecca Thombre Vijay Thiruvenkatam Ambresh Mallya Balabhadrapatruni N. Rajasekhar Mariyappan Muruganantham Akshay Datey Hugh Hill Anil Bhardwaj Gopalan Jagadeesh Kalidevapura P. J. Reddy Nigel J. Mason Bhalamurugan Sivaraman 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2020,25(23)
The building blocks of life, amino acids, are believed to have been synthesized in the extreme conditions that prevail in space, starting from simple molecules containing hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. However, the fate and role of amino acids when they are subjected to similar processes largely remain unexplored. Here we report, for the first time, that shock processed amino acids tend to form complex agglomerate structures. Such structures are formed on timescales of about 2 ms due to impact induced shock heating and subsequent cooling. This discovery suggests that the building blocks of life could have self-assembled not just on Earth but on other planetary bodies as a result of impact events. Our study also provides further experimental evidence for the ‘threads’ observed in meteorites being due to assemblages of (bio)molecules arising from impact-induced shocks. 相似文献
43.
Prasad S Schmidt H Lampen P Wang M Güth R Rao JV Smith GB Eiceman GA 《The Analyst》2006,131(11):1216-1225
Eight vegetative bacterial strains and two spores were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography with differential mobility spectrometry (py-GC/DMS) yielding topographic plots of ion intensity, retention time, and compensation voltage simultaneously for ions in positive and negative polarity. Biomarkers were found in the pyrolysate at characteristic retention times and compensation voltages and were confirmed by standard addition with GC/MS analyses providing discrimination between Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial types, but no recognition of individual strains within the Gram negative bacteria. Principal component analysis was applied using two dimensional data sets of ion intensity versus retention time at five compensation voltages including the reactant ion peaks all in positive and negative ion polarity. Clustering was observed with compensation voltage (CV) chromatograms associated with ion separation in the DMS detector and little or no clustering was observed with the reactant ion peaks or CV chromatograms where ion separation is poor. Consistent clustering of Gram positive B. odysseyi and Gram negative E. coli in both positive and negative polarities with the reactant ion peak chromatograms and key CV chromatograms suggests common but unknown common chemical compositions in the pyrolysate. 相似文献
44.
Jaya Ram Simkhada Seung Sik Cho Seong Ju Park Poonam Mander Yun Hee Choi Hyo Jeong Lee Jin Cheol Yoo 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2010,162(5):1457-1470
Organic solvent- and detergent-resistant proteases are important from an industrial viewpoint. However, they have been less frequently reported and only few of them are from actinomycetes. A metalloprotease from Streptomyces olivochromogenes (SOMP) was purified by ion exchange with Poros HQ and gel filtration with Sepharose CL-6B. Apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 51 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gelatin zymography. The activity was optimum at pH 7.5 and 50 °C and stable between pH 7.0 and 10.0. SOMP was stable below 45 °C and Ca2+ increased its thermostability. Ca2+ enhanced while Co2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ inhibited the activity. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, but not phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, and pefabloc SC, significantly suppressed the activity, suggesting that it might be a metalloprotease. Importantly, it is highly resistant against various detergents, organic solvents, and oxidizing agents, and the activity is enhanced by H2O2. The enzyme could be a novel protease based on its origin and peculiar biochemical properties. It may be useful in biotechnological applications especially for organic solvent-based enzymatic synthesis. 相似文献
45.
Kudavalli JS Boyd DR Sharma ND More O'Ferrall RA 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2011,76(22):9338-9343
Acid-catalyzed dehydrations of substituted naphthalene-cis-1,2-dihydrodiols occur with loss of the 1- or 2-OH group to form 2- and 1-naphthols, respectively. Effects of substituents MeO, Me, H, F, Br, I, and CN at 3-, 6-, and 7-positions of the naphthalene ring are consistent with rate-determining formation of β-hydroxynaphthalenium ion (carbocation) intermediates. For reaction of the 1-hydroxyl group the 3-substituents are correlated by the Yukawa-Tsuno relationship with ρ = -4.7 and r = 0.25 or by σ(p) constants with ρ = -4.25; for reaction of the 2-hydroxyl group the 3-substituents are correlated by σ(m) constants with ρ = -8.1. The correlations for the 1-hydroxyl imply a surprisingly weak resonance interaction of +M substituents (MeO, Me) with a carbocation reaction center but are consistent with the corresponding correlation for acid-catalyzed dehydration of 3-substituted benzene-cis-1,2-dihydrodiols for which ρ = -6.9 and r = 0.43. Substituents at the 6- and 7-positions of the naphthalene rings by contrast are correlated by σ(+) with ρ = -3.2 for reaction of the 1-hydroxyl group and ρ = -2.7 for reaction of the 2-hydroxyl group. The unimpaired resonance implied by these substituent effects appears to be inconsistent with a previous explanation of the weak resonance of the 3-substituents in terms of imbalance of charge development and/or nonplanarity of the benzenium ring in the transition state. An alternative possibility is that the adjacent hydroxyl group interferes sterically with conjugation of +M substituents. "Hyperaromaticity" of the arenium ion intermediates does not appear to be a factor influencing this behavior. 相似文献
46.
Lawlor DA Kudavalli JS MacCormac AC Coyne DA Boyd DR O'Ferrall RA 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2011,133(49):19718-19728
Cis- and trans-1,2-dihydrodiol isomers of benzene undergo acid-catalyzed dehydration to form phenol. In principle the isomeric substrates react through a common β-hydroxybenzenium (cyclohexadienyl) carbocation. Notwithstanding, the isomers show a large difference in reactivity, k(cis)/k(trans) = 4500. This difference is reduced to k(cis)/k(trans) = 440 and 50 for the 1,2-dihydrodiols of naphthalene and 9,10-dihydrodiols of phenanthrene, respectively, and to 6.9 for the dihydrodiols of the nonaromatic 7,8-double bond of acenaphthylene. Because the difference in stabilities of cis- and trans-dihydrodiols should be no more than 2-3-fold, these results imply a high cis stereoselectivity for nucleophilic trapping of a β-hydroxyarenium cation by water in the reverse of the carbocation-forming reaction. This is confirmed by studies of the 10-hydroxy-9-phenanthrenium ion generated from aqueous solvolyses of the trans-9,10-bromohydrin derivative of phenanthrene and the monotrichloroacetate ester of the phenanthrene cis-9,10-dihydrodiol. The cis stereoselectivity of forward and reverse reactions is explained by the formation (in the "forward" reaction) of different conformations of carbocation from cis- and trans-dihydrodiol reactants with respectively β-C-H and β-C-OH bonds in pseudoaxial positions with respect to the charge center of the carbocation optimal for hyperconjugation. Formation of different conformations is constrained by departure of the (protonated) OH leaving group from a pseudoaxial position. The difference in stability of the carbocations is suggested to stem (a) from the greater hyperconjugative ability of a C-H than a C-OH bond and (b) from enhanced conjugation arising from the stabilizing influence of an aromatic ring in the no-bond resonance structures representing the hyperconjugation (C(6)H(6)OH(+) ? C(6)H(5)OH H(+)). This is consistent with an earlier suggestion by Mulliken and a demonstration by Schleyer that the benzenium ion is subject to hyperconjugative aromatic stabilization. It is proposed that, in analogy with the terms homoconjugation and homoaromaticity, arenium ions should be considered as "hyperaromatic". 相似文献
47.
Mujtaba SF Dwivedi A Mudiam MK Ali D Yadav N Ray RS 《Photochemistry and photobiology》2011,87(5):1067-1076
The aim of this study was to analyze the photostability and phototoxicity mechanism of anthracene (ANT) in a human skin epidermal cell line (HaCaT) at ambient environmental intensities of sunlight/UV‐R (UV‐A and UV‐B). Photomodification of ANT under sunlight/UV‐R exposure produced two photoproducts, anthrone and 9,10 anthracenedione. Generation of 1O2, O2?? and ?OH was measured under UV‐R/sunlight exposure. Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was further substantiated by their quenching with free radical quenchers. Photodegradation of 2‐deoxyguanosine and linoleic acid peroxidation showed that ROS were mainly responsible for ANT phototoxicity. ANT generates significant amount of intracellular ROS in cell line. Maximum cell viability (85%) was reduced under sunlight exposure (30 min). Results of MTT assay accord NRU assay. ANT (0.01 μg mL?1) induced cell‐cycle arrest at G1 phase. RT‐PCR demonstrated constitutive inducible mRNA expression of CYP 1A1 and 1B1 genes. Photosensitive ANT upregulates CYP 1A1 (2.2‐folds) and 1B1 (4.1‐folds) genes. Thus, the study suggests that ROS and DNA damage were mainly responsible for ANT phototoxicity. ANT exposure may be deleterious to human health at ambient environmental intensities reaching the earth’s surface through sunlight. 相似文献
48.
High performance radar transparent materials (RTMs) are important materials for the fabrication of radomes, nosecones, etc. of high velocity aerospace vehicles. RTMs with good mechanical performance and temperature capability are required for such applications. Toward this, fabric reinforced nano‐reinforced matrix composites (FRNCs), using reinforcing E‐glass fabric in Cloisite 30B reinforced polyetherimide (PEI) nanocomposite matrix (GNRPEI), was prepared. The properties of GNRPEI were evaluated and compared with E‐glass fabric reinforced PEI composites (GRPEI) with special reference to their radar transparent character for aerospace applications. Tensile and flexural properties along with interlaminar shear strength of GRPEI were observed to be lower than those of GNRPEI. Thermal behavior of both the composites was similar in differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. But, in dynamic mechanical analysis, an increase in storage modulus and decrease in loss tangent were observed in GNRPEI compared to GRPEI. The values of dielectric constant and loss tangent of GNRPEI were lesser than those of GRPEI, but no significant difference was observed in the values of transmission and reflection losses for both the composites at 8–12 GHz frequency. FRNCs, based on organoclay reinforced PEI matrix, hold good promise as high performance RTMs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
49.
K. Suvardhan K. Suresh Kumar D. Rekha K. Kiran B. Jaya Raj P. Chiranjeevi 《Journal of Analytical Chemistry》2007,62(4):336-341
Newly synthesized 2-propylpiperidine-1-carbodithioate (2-PPC) was used for the extraction of Cr(III), Ni(II), and Zn(II) from
various water samples. In the present investigation, the use of a syringe loaded with sorbent for the separation and enrichment
of Cr(III), Ni(II), and Zn(II) prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)
was proposed to substitute the batch and column techniques. The described method was compared with the column technique with
respect to fastness, simplicity, recovery, and risk of contamination. The syringe was loaded with 1.0 g of sorbent in order
to retain the analyte elements. Next, 7.0 mL of sample solution (pH 5.0 ± 0.2) was drawn into the syringe in 15 s and discharged
over 15 s. Then, an eluent (3.0 M HCl) was drawn into the syringe and ejected back to desorb the analyte elements. At the
optimum conditions, the percentage recoveries of Cr(III), Ni(II), and Zn(II) were in the range of 94.50 to 99.62% with a standard
deviation (S.D.) of 0.03%. The elements could be concentrated by drawing and discharging several portions of sample successively
and eluting only one time. The detailed study of various interferences proved the method to be highly selective. The risk
of contamination is less than that with the column technique. The method was successfully applied to the determination of
Cr(III), Ni(II), and Zn(II) in spiked and natural water samples. The results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained
by the reported methods at the 95% confidence level.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
50.
The enantiopure total synthesis of (−)-codonopsinine is described from commercially available l-xylose in 20% overall yield. The key steps included Julia trans olefination and cascade epoxidation-cyclisation strategies. 相似文献