Intersequence cyclization in copolymers of N-vinyl carbamates

Monomer reactivity ratios determined for the copolymerization of tert-butyl N-vinylcarbamate (r_A = 0.55 ± 0.05) with phenyl N-vinylcarbamate (r_B = 2.08 ± 0.15) indicate that the monomer units are distributed randomly along the polymer chains. The following sequence of reactions was used to cause intersequence cyclization between tert-butyl N-vinylcarbamate and phenyl N-vinylcarbamate units in the copolymers. The extent of cyclization obtained was in accord with that expected for random copolymers.      

Effects of molecular structure and environment on the photodimerization of substituted anthracenes

Photochemical and photophysical studies of a number of 9-substituted anthracene sandwich pairs in their corresponding photodimer crystal matrices have been carried out. Corresponding studies have also been made in methylcyclohexane matrices at 6 K. Photodimerization of the 9-methyl, 9-chloro and 9-cyano derivatives in the photodimer matrices occurs at 6 K with unit quantum yield. The presence of excimer fluorescence from sandwich pairs indicates the lack of a perfect topochemical orientation while activation processes, leading to photodimerization, involve molecular re-orientation from more stable ground state configurations which are achieved within the constraints imposed by the solvent or crystalline cage.     

Removal of graphite by oxidation with perchloric acid plus periodic acid: Inapplicability to the spectrophotometric determination of manganese in steel

An attempt has been made to improve the Willard and Greathouse periodate method for the determination of manganese in high-carbon steel and cast iron by oxidizing the graphite with periodic acid in the presence of perchloric acid and phosphoric acid. Graphite is rapidly oxidized at 150° by this mixture but manganese is lost by volatilization as the heptoxide and decomposition of the latter on hot surfaces to manganese dioxide. No way was found for either the quantitative removal and recovery of manganese by volatilization or for quantitative return to the main solution. The spectrophotometric determination of manganese in the supernatant liquid after allowing graphite to settle yields imprecise but not wholly unacceptable results; for the highest accuracy, graphite should be removed along with silica following dehydration of the latter with perchloric acid.     

Accuracy, latency, and listener-search behavior in localization in the horizontal and vertical planes

Thirty-six listeners localized continuous filtered noise bursts centered on 2.3 or 8.3 kHz under normal listening conditions or while wearing earmuffs. The noise bursts were from any one of 20 loudspeakers, 18 degrees apart, visible to the listeners, and arranged in the horizontal and vertical planes. Listeners were free to move, while remaining seated, throughout all trials. The noise bursts were terminated by the listeners. Measures of accuracy and latency showed that earmuff listening had a significant effect whereas, overall, signal frequency had no significant effect. There was, however, an apparent downward shift of the 2.3-kHz signals presented above the midline in the vertical plane. Analysis of video records of listeners' behavior revealed a strong tendency for initial orientation by head or eye movement to correlate with final response, even when both were inaccurate. The paradigm adopted in this latter aspect of the study illustrates an "ecological" approach to the study of auditory phenomena.     

Complexing effects in the solvent extraction of thallium(I) 2-mercaptobenzothiazole

Studies of the extraction of thallum(l) from aqueous solution in the absence and presence of aqueous complexing agents into chloroform containing 2-mercaptobenzothiazole are described. Fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, thiocyanair, cyanide, and sulfate were employed as aqueous complexing agents. A number of the participating species were identified and association constants are estimated.     

Selective initiation of nonconjugated dienes containing electron donor–electron acceptor systems. II. Polymerization studies of vinyl ether–β-nitrostyrenes

The monomer series, o-, m-, and p-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)-β-nitrostyrenes, was studied. All three monomers were selectively polymerized through the electron-donating vinyloxy group via cationic initiation. The linear polymers from the meta and para isomers containing the electron-accepting nitrovinyl group were readily crosslinked via anionic initiation. The polymer derived from the ortho isomer was not crosslinked by this mechanism, an observation in accord with results previously reported from these laboratories in which it was shown that all o-substituted-β-nitrostyrenes having ortho substituents larger than fluorine exhibited a sterically inhibited propagation step. The meta and para isomers of this series were selectively polymerized through the electron-accepting nitrovinyl group via anionic initiation. Because of the fact that the resulting polymers were soluble only in highly polar solvents, subsequent crosslinking of these polymers via cationic initiation could not be accomplished. However, these polymers showed strong tendencies to undergo crosslinking upon long exposure to air. Because of the sterically induced ortho effect referred to above, no significant polymerization occurred in the case of the ortho isomer of this series via anionic initiation. However, it was shown in this case that initiation via the anion was rapid, and that the slow step was propagation.     

Synthesis and structure of BaKFeO3: a new quaternary oxide with 1-D ferrate chains

Amber-colored single crystals of the quaternary oxide BaKFeO₃ were synthesized from a mixture of Fe₂O₃, KOH and Ba(OH)₂ heated at 750°C for 5 h then cooled slowly. The structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (space group Cmca; a=5.804(1) Å, b=11.528(1) Å, c=12.776(1) Å; Z=8, R₁=0.0376, wR₂=0.0996). The structure is comprised of [FeO₃³⁻]^∞ chains of corner-sharing iron-oxo tetrahedra that are isolated from one another by interspersed Ba and K cations. The iron coordination environment is moderately distorted from perfect tetrahedral symmetry and the Fe-O-Fe bond angles are 152.8°. Magnetic susceptibility data show a pronounced zero-field cooling effect that suggests strong coupling from 5 K to above room temperature.     

The synthesis of DL-1-(hexadecanoyloxy)methyl- and 1-O-hexadecanoyl-inositols as potential inhibitors of phospholipase C

The synthesis of racemic analogues of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) starting from myo-inositol is described. Inositol derivatives with and without homologalion at C(l) and with and without ionic groups (phosphate or sulfate) at C(4) and C(5) were prepared as well as homologated derivatives with deoxy composition at C(2) and/or C(6). In all these compounds, palmitate ester groups were introduced in place of the diacylglyceryl group of PI or PIP₂.     

Mass spectra of benzotriazinones and the first loss of 28 mass units

Mass spectra of five benzotriazinone derivatives are reported and the fragmentation mechanisms are discussed. That the first loss of 28 mass units is a nitrogen molecule appears to be characteristic of the molecules.