Drag reduction in spatially developing turbulent boundary layers by spatially intermittent blowing at constant mass-flux

A series of large-eddy simulations of spatially developing turbulent boundary layers with uniform blowing at moderate Reynolds numbers (based on free-stream velocity, U_∞, and momentum thickness, θ) up to Re_θ ≈ 2500 were performed with the special focus on the effect of intermittent (separated in streamwise direction) blowing sections. The number of blowing sections, N, investigated is set to be 3, 6, 20, 30 and compared to N = 1, which constitutes the reference case, while the total wall-mass flux is constrained to be the same for all considered cases, corresponding to a blowing amplitude of 0.1% of U_∞ for the reference case. Results indicate that the reference case provides a net-energy saving rate of around 18%, which initially decreases at most 2% points for N = 3 but recovers with increasing N, where the initial reduction of the drag reduction is found to be related to the shorter streamwise length of the intermittent blowing sections. The physical decomposition of the skin friction drag through the Fukagata-Iwamoto-Kasagi (FIK) identity shows that the distribution of all components over each blowing section has similar trends, resulting in similar averaged values over the whole control region.     

Synthesis of EDTA core dendrimers through a consecutive esterification-CuAAC process

A novel class of thermostable G0 and G1-dendrimers was synthesized from the coupling of both propargyl and azido esters derived from EDTA through copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The branching and size in these compounds were controlled by a simple azide-alkyne group position change in the CuAAC reaction in conjunction with the use of 1,3-diazido-propan-2-ol as a polyfunctional compound.     

Noise effects of reducing traffic flow through a Spanish city

Towards the end of 1999, the building of one of the main communication routes in Spain was finished, the A-3 motorway, which connects Madrid and Valencia. So far, this road was running through the town Motilla de Palancar, province of Cuenca. The opening of the last section of the motorway on 3 December 1999, re-routes all the traffic passing through the town. This study makes a comparative of the noise levels before and after the opening of the motorway that goes through Motilla de Palancar.     

Algebraic and differential equations for spinning particles on the sphere

We revise the mathematical formulation of the theory of a particle in a spherical surface, in particular we show that the system of relations between two sets of generators of theSU(2) group lead to a formulation of nonrelativistic spinone half theory on the sphereS ³. First we examine various possibilities to extend this approach in the case of relativistic motion, then we give formulation for the Dirac and Maxwell equations in homogeneous space-time where a geometrical point is associated with the notion of relativistic top. Finally we formulate these equations in aS ³ surface embedded inR ⁵, using spherical system of coordinates, and examine the eigenvalue problem.     

Bloch wave homogenization of a non-homogeneous Neumann problem

In this paper, we use the Bloch wave method to study the asymptotic behavior of the solution of the Laplace equation in a periodically perforated domain, under a non-homogeneous Neumann condition on the boundary of the holes, as the size of the holes goes to zero more rapidly than the domain period. This method allows to prove that, when the hole size exceeds a given threshold, the non-homogeneous boundary condition generates an additional term in the homogenized problem, commonly referred to as “the strange term” in the literature.     

On Central Cantor Sets with Self-Arithmetic Difference of Positive Lebesgue Measure

We prove the existence of C^r - (but not C^r+1-) regular centralCantor sets with zero Lebesgue measure such that their selfarithmetic difference is a Cantor set with positive Lebesguemeasure. This is motivated by a conjecture in the field of bifurcationsof dynamical systems posed by Jacob Palis.     

Elasto-plasticity of paper

We develop a constitutive model of paper's in-plane biaxial tensile response accounting for the elastic–plastic hardening behavior, and its orthotropic character. The latter aspect is motivated by machine-made papers, which, in contrast to isotropic laboratory handsheets, are strongly oriented. We focus on modeling paper's response under monotonic loading, this restriction allowing us to treat the elastic-plastic response as a physically nonlinear elastic one. A strain energy function of a hyperbolic tangent form is developed so as to fit the entire range of biaxial and uniaxial experiments on a commercial grade paper. This function may then be introduced as the free energy function into a model based on thermomechanics with internal variables.     

Genetics in primary care: a USA faculty development initiative

The Genetics in Primary Care (GPC) project is a USA national faculty development initiative with the goal of enhancing the training of medical students and primary care residents by developing primary care faculty expertise in genetics. Educational strategies were developed for the project by an executive committee with input from an advisory committee, comprising individuals with primary care, medical education and genetics expertise. These committees identified the key issues in genetics education for primary care as (1) considering inherited disease in the differential diagnosis of common disorders; (2) using appropriate counseling strategies for genetic testing and diagnosis, and (3) understanding the implications of a genetic diagnosis for family members. The group emphasized the importance of a primary care perspective, which suggests that the clinical utility of genetic information is greatest when it has the potential to improve health outcomes. The group also noted that clinical practice already incorporates the use of family history information, providing a basis for discussing the application of genetic concepts in primary care. Genetics and primary care experts agreed that educational efforts will be most successful if they are integrated into existing primary care teaching programs, and use a case-based teaching format that incorporates both clinical and social dimensions of genetic disorders. Three core clinical skills were identified: (1) interpreting family history; (2) recognizing the variable clinical utility of genetic information, and (3) acquiring cultural competency. Three areas of potential controversy were identified as well: (1) the role of nondirective counseling versus shared decision-making in discussions of genetic testing; (2) the intrinsic value of genetic information when it does not influence health outcomes, and (3) indications for a genetics referral. The project provides an opportunity for ongoing discussion about these important issues.