Solid state polymorphism of liquid crystals in confined geometries

Solid polymorphism of 4-alkyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (nCB) was studied so far as a function of thermal history. In this paper we show that metastable solid phases of 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) are also formed when the mesogens are confined in porous silica matrices and we study their structure by neutron diffraction and by Raman spectroscopy. Three metastable solid states are identified: one crystalline phase K', two frozen-in smectic-like phases K(s) and K'(s). We discuss the relation between the structure of the metastable solid phases and that of the mesomorph phases.     

Unified Treatment of Algebraic and Geometric Difference by a New Difference Scheme and its Continuity Properties

We introduce a new operation for the difference of two sets A and C of R ⁿ depending on a parameter . This new operation may yield as special cases the classical difference and the Minkowski difference, if the sets A and C are closed, convex sets, if int(C) is nonempty, and if A or C bounded. Continuity properties with respect to both the operands and the parameter of this operation are studied. Lipschitz properties of the Minkowski difference between two sets of a normed vector space are proved in the bounded case as well as in the unbounded case without condition on the dimension of the space.     

Scaling properties of azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au and Cu+Cu Collisions at sqrt[s NN]=200 GeV

Differential measurements of elliptic flow (v2) for Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV are used to test and validate predictions from perfect fluid hydrodynamics for scaling of v2 with eccentricity, system size, and transverse kinetic energy (KE T). For KE T identical with mT-m up to approximately 1 GeV the scaling is compatible with hydrodynamic expansion of a thermalized fluid. For large values of KE T mesons and baryons scale separately. Quark number scaling reveals a universal scaling of v2 for both mesons and baryons over the full KE T range for Au+Au. For Au+Au and Cu+Cu the scaling is more pronounced in terms of KE T, rather than transverse momentum.     

Strain state in bcc Fe films grown on Si(1 1 1)

The strain state of Fe films grown on Si(1 1 1) has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the thickness range between 11 and 304 monolayers. Fe grows tetragonally distorted with the orientation relationship Fe(1 1 1) // Si(1 1 1) . At low coverage, the films grow pseudomorphic. Above 15 monolayers the films are characterized by the coexistence of a pseudomorphic phase with another one which relaxes with the Fe thickness. This relaxation proceeds rapidly in the earlier stages then slowly with the film thickness. The XRD characterization allows one to obtain quantitative information on the in-plane and out-of-plane strains.     

J/psi production versus centrality, transverse momentum, and rapidity in Au+Au collisions at square root sNN=200 GeV

The PHENIX experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has measured J/psi production for rapidities -2.2相似文献   

Cold nuclear matter effects on J/ψ yields as a function of rapidity and nuclear geometry in d+A collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV

We present measurements of J/ψ yields in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV recorded by the PHENIX experiment and compare them with yields in p+p collisions at the same energy per nucleon-nucleon collision. The measurements cover a large kinematic range in J/ψ rapidity (-2.2相似文献   

Direct observation of two protons in the decay of 54Zn

The two protons emitted in the decay of 54Zn have been individually observed for the first time in a time projection chamber. The total decay energy and the half-life measured in this work agree with the results obtained in a previous experiment. Angular and energy correlations between the two protons are determined and compared to theoretical distributions of a three-body model. Within the shell model framework, the relative decay probabilities show a strong contribution of the p2 configuration for the two-proton emission. After 45Fe, the present result on 54Zn constitutes only the second case of a direct observation of the ground state two-proton decay of a long-lived isotope.     

System size and energy dependence of jet-induced hadron pair correlation shapes in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at square root sNN=200 and 62.4 GeV

We present azimuthal angle correlations of intermediate transverse momentum (1-4 GeV/c) hadrons from dijets in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at square root sNN=62.4 and 200 GeV. The away-side dijet induced azimuthal correlation is broadened, non-Gaussian, and peaked away from Delta phi=pi in central and semicentral collisions in all the systems. The broadening and peak location are found to depend upon the number of participants in the collision, but not on the collision energy or beam nuclei. These results are consistent with sound or shock wave models, but pose challenges to Cherenkov gluon radiation models.     

Stable carbon isotope evidence for nitrogenous fertilizer impact on carbonate weathering in a small agricultural watershed

The isotopic signature of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), δ(13)C(DIC), has been investigated in the surface waters of a small agricultural catchment on calcareous substratum, Montoussé, located at Auradé (south-west France). The Montoussé catchment is subjected to intense farming (wheat/sunflower rotation) and a moderated application of nitrogenous fertilizers. During the nitrification of the NH(4)(+), supplied by fertilization, nitrate and H(+) ions are produced in the soil. This anthropogenic acidity is combined with the natural acidity due to carbonic acid in weathering processes. From an isotopic point of view, with 'natural weathering', using carbonic acid, δ(13)C(DIC) is intermediate between the δ(13)C of soil CO(2) produced by organic matter oxidation and that of the carbonate rocks, while it has the same value as the carbonates when carbonic acid is substituted by another acid like nitric acid derived from nitrogen fertilizer. The δ(13)C(DIC) values range from -17.1‰ to -10.7‰ in Montoussé stream waters. We also measured the δ(13)C of calcareous molassic deposits (average -7.9‰) and of soil organic carbon (between -24.1‰ and -26‰) to identify the different sources of DIC and to estimate their contribution. The δ(13) C(DIC) value indicates that weathering largely follows the carbonic acid pathway at the springs (sources of the stream). At the outlet of the basin, H(+) ions, produced during the nitrification of N-fertilizer, also contribute to weathering, especially during flood events. This result is illustrated by the relationship between δ(13)C(DIC) and the molar ratio NO(3)(-)/(Ca(2+) + Mg(2+)). Consequently, when the contribution of nitrate increases, the δ(13)C(DIC) increases towards the calcareous end-member. This new isotopic result provides evidence for the direct influence of nitrogen fertilizer inputs on weathering, CO(2) consumption and base cation leaching and confirms previous results obtained using the chemistry of the major ions present in the field, and in soil column experiments.