Non-aggregated Pd nanoparticles deposited onto catalytic supports

Nanostructured powders have shown great promise for a variety of applications including chemical gas sensors, high surface area supports for catalysis, tribology, chemical mechanical polishing, and optoelectronics. In this report, highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, and mean diameter of 2±0.2 nm, were deposited at room temperature onto amorphous carbon and oxide supports (TiO₂, Al₂O₃) by pulsed-laser ablation of a Pd sputtering target. Depositions were performed in Ar at a back-fill pressure of 3 mTorr after reaching a base pressure of 10^-7 Torr. Populations of uniformly dispersed particles with an interparticle spacing of 3 to 10 nm were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with little evidence of nanoparticle aggregation. The chemical compositions of individual nanoparticles were confirmed by high spatial resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.     

Directed and elliptic flow in 197Au+197Au at intermediate energies

Directed and elliptic flow for the ¹⁹⁷Au+¹⁹⁷Au system at incident energies between 40 and 150 MeV per nucleon has been measured using the INDRA 4π multi-detector. For semi-central collisions, the excitation function of elliptic flow shows a transition from in-plane to out-of-plane emission at around 100 MeV per nucleon. The directed flow changes sign at a bombarding energy between 50 and 60 MeV per nucleon and remains negative at lower energies. Molecular dynamics calculations (CHIMERA) indicate sensitivity of the global squeeze-out transition on the σ _NN and demonstrate the importance of angular momentum conservation in transport codes at low energies.     

System dependence of the correlation function of IMFs in Ar + Sn at 35 MeV/u

The inclusive reduced velocity correlation functions of the intermediate mass fragments were measured in the reactions of ³⁶Ar + ^112,124Sn at 35 MeV/u. The anti-correlation is observed to be stronger in ³⁶Ar + ¹²⁴Sn system than that in ³⁶Ar + ¹¹²Sn. The difference of the correlation functions between the two reactions is mainly contributed by the particle pairs with high momenta. A three body Coulomb repulsive trajectory model is employed to calculate the emission time scale of the IMFs for the two systems. The time scale is 150 fm/c in ³⁶Ar + ¹¹²Sn and 120 fm/c in the ³⁶Ar + ¹²⁴Sn, respectively.     

Sur les automates qui reconnaissent une famille de langages

The main results about automatas and the languages they accept are easily extended to automatas which recognize a family of languages (L_i)_iεI of a free monoid, that is to automatas which recognize simultaneously all the languages L_i. This generalization enhances the notion of automata of type (p,r) introduced by S. Eilenberg [4]. In a similar way the notion of syntactic monoid of a family of languages extends the notion of syntactic monoid of a language. This extension is far from being trivial since we show that every finite monoid is the syntactic monoid of a recognizable partition of a free monoid, though this is false for the syntactic monoids of languages.      

QCD sum rules: charmonium

The dimensiond=4 gluon condensateφ ₁ is determined from an analysis of charmonium, taking model dependent estimates ofd=6.8 condensates into account. ForS-waves, there is a compatibility region, where both these and model dependent higher state corrections to ground state dominance are small, enablingφ ₁ to be determined from a fit to the data. ForP-waves the estimated higher dimension contributions are large in the region of ground state dominance, and noφ ₁ determination is possible. Theφ ₁ value obtained from the fit to theS-wave ratios is 3 5 times bigger than that obtained by RRY using the plateau method. The methods are compared for the vector current. We show that the higher state correction used by RRY does not fit the data; and that the plateau method is much more sensitive to thed=6.8 condensates than the ratio used here. When reasonable estimates of both these and the higher state corrections are taken into account, there is compatibility between the two methods.     

The study of cluster phenomenon at accelerator energies

Correlation between the particles from the proton-nucleus interactions in emulsion at 70 GeV/c is presented through the study of the rapidity gap analysis and compared with the two-particle rapidity correlations. It is observed that the strength of correlation decreases as the size of cluster increases. Asymmetry between the forward and backward components were also studied.Authors are thankful to Prof. K. D. Tolstov, JINR, Dubna, USSR for sending the exposed emulsion plates. Thanks are also due to UGC for financial assistance. We sincerely acknowledge the encouragement from Prof. T. Roy.     

Completeness and compactness for varieties over a local field

This paper shows that for a local field K, a subfield k ⊂ K and a variety X over k, X is complete if and only if for every finite field extension Kʹ | K, the set X(Kʹ) is compact in its strong topology. The author likes to thank Florian Pop, Jakob Stix, Stefan Wewers, Gunther Cornelissen and his own parents for their support. Received: 13 April 2006     

Area,coarea, and approximation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">W</Emphasis><Superscript>1,1</Superscript>

Let Ω⊂ℝ ⁿ be an arbitrary open set. We characterize the space W ^1,1 _loc(Ω) using variants of the classical area and coarea formulas. We use these characterizations to obtain a norm approximation and trace theorems for functions in the space W ^1,1(ℝ ⁿ ).     

Group-valued measures on coarse-grained quantum logics

In [3] it was shown that a (real) signed measure on a cyclic coarse-grained quantum logic can be extended, as a signed measure, over the entire power algebra. Later ([9]) this result was re-proved (and further improved on) and, moreover, the non-negative measures were shown to allow for extensions as non-negative measures. In both cases the proof technique used was the technique of linear algebra. In this paper we further generalize the results cited by extending group-valued measures on cyclic coarse-grained quantum logics (or non-negative group-valued measures for lattice-ordered groups). Obviously, the proof technique is entirely different from that of the preceding papers. In addition, we provide a new combinatorial argument for describing all atoms of cyclic coarse-grained quantum logics.     

Choice of modelling technique for evaluating health care interventions

Economic evaluation, such as cost effectiveness analysis, provides a method for comparing healthcare interventions. These evaluations often use modelling techniques such as decision trees, Markov processes and discrete event simulations (DES). With the aid of examples from coronary heart disease, the use of these techniques in different health care situations is discussed. Guidelines for the choice of modelling technique are developed according to the characteristics of the health care intervention.The choice of modelling technique is shown to depend on the acceptance of the modelling technique, model ‘error’, model appropriateness, dimensionality and ease and speed of model development. Generally decision trees are suitable for acute interventions but they cannot model recursion and Markov models are suitable for simple chronic interventions. It is further recommended that population based models be used in order to provide health care outcomes for the likely cost, health benefits and cost effectiveness of the intervention. The population approach will complicate the construction of the model. DES will allow the modeller to construct more complex, dynamic and accurate systems but these may involve a corresponding increase in development time and expense. The modeller will need to make a judgement on the necessary complexity of the model in terms of interaction of individuals and model size and whether queuing for resources, resource constraints or the interactions between individuals are significant issues in the health care system.