Entanglement dynamics in open two-qubit systems via diffusive quantum trajectories

We use quantum diffusive trajectories to prove that the time evolution of two-qubit entanglement under spontaneous emission can be fully characterized by optimal continuous monitoring. We analytically determine this optimal unraveling and derive a deterministic evolution equation for the system's concurrence. Furthermore, we propose an experiment to monitor the entanglement dynamics in bipartite two-level systems and to determine the disentanglement time from a single trajectory.     

Polyphenolic profile by FIA/ESI/IT/MSn and antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract from the barks of Maytenus cajalbanica (Borhidi & O. Muñiz) Borhidi & O. Muñiz

Abstract

Medium and high polarity extracts from Maytenus species are known to contain polyphenolic compounds such as proanthocyanidins. The high polarity and structural complexity of these compounds make very difficult their isolation even by modern chromatographic techniques. Maytenus cajalbanica (Borhidi & O. Muñiz) Borhidi & O. Muñiz is endemic from Cuba. So far, there are reports neither of phytochemical work nor of biological evaluation of extracts from this subspecies. The goal of this work is to determine the polyphenolic profile and the antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract from the barks of Maytenus cajalbanica. FIA/ESI/IT/MSⁿ analysis allowed the identification of 5 flavan-3-ol monomers, 33 proanthocyanidins, 2 free flavonoids and their respective glycosides as major compounds of the ethanolic extract, which showed a strong radical scavenging capacity and a significant ferric reduction power. FIA/ESI/IT/MSⁿ technique led the rapid, effective and sensitive determination of the polyphenolic profile of Maytenus cajalbanica without previous separation.     

In1.06Ho0.94Ge2O7: a thortveitite‐type compound

A new indium holmium digermanate, In_1.06Ho_0.94Ge₂O₇, with a thortveitite‐type structure, has been prepared as a polycrystalline powder material by high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. This new compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system (space group C2/c, No. 15). The structure was characterized by Rietveld refinement of powder laboratory X‐ray diffraction data. The In³⁺ and Ho³⁺ cations occupy the same octahedral site, forming a hexagonal arrangement on the ab plane. In their turn, the hexagonal arrangements of (In/Ho)O₆ octahedral layers are held together by sheets of isolated diortho groups comprised of double tetrahedra sharing a common vertex. In this compound, the Ge₂O₇ diortho groups lose the ideal D_3d point symmetry and also the C_2h point symmetry present in the thortveitite diortho groups. The Ge—O—Ge angle bridging the diortho groups is 160.2 (3)°, compared with 180.0° for Si—O—Si in thortveitite (Sc₂Si₂O₇). The characteristic mirror plane in the thortveitite space group (C2/m, No. 12) is not present in this new thortveitite‐type compound and the diortho groups lose the C_2h point symmetry, reducing to C₂.     

Synthesis,spectroscopy, magnetism and X-ray structure of μ-(bipyrimidine)-bis[aqua(bipyrimidine)(saccharinato)copper(II)] bis(saccharinate) tetrahydrate

The compound [Cu₂(bipym)₃(sac)₂(H₂O)₂](sac)₂(H₂O)₄ (bipym = 2,2-bipyrimidine and sac = saccharin) crystallizes in the space group P-1, with a = 10.710(3), b = 10.725(3), c = 13.637(5) Å, a = 70.07(3), = 80.31(2), g = 82.87(3)° and Z = 2. The geometry in the centrosymmetric dinuclear complex around each Cu^II ion is a distorted octahedron, in which the equatorial plane is formed by a nitrogen atom of a bis-didentate bridging bipym ligand, two nitrogen atoms of a didentate bipym ligand, and the nitrogen atom of a coordinating sac ligand. The axial positions in the octahedron are occupied by a second nitrogen of the bis-didentate bridging bipym ligand and a water molecule. The lattice contains two saccharinate anions and four water molecules held together in a hydrogen-bonded network. The i.r vibrations of the bipym ligand are found as a quasi-symmetric doublet at 1558 and 1580 cm^–1, while the most important i.r vibrations of the sac ligand are observed at 1629 and 1644 cm^–1 (carbonyl vibrations) and at 1285 and 1159 cm^–1 (sulfonyl vibrations). The magnetic exchange interactions between the Cu ions is very weak and is ferromagnetic (J < 0.1 cm^–1).     

Crystal structure and spectroscopy of bis-[bis(2-benzimidazolyl)propane]copper(II) bis(triflate)monohydrate, a copper complex with a geometry intermediate between tetrahedral and square planar

The structure of a mononuclear copper(II) compound with the ligand bis(2-benzimidazolyl)propane (abbreviated as tbz) is reported. The compound [Cu(tbz)₂](CF₃SO₃)₂(H₂O) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P , with a = 12.363(6), b = 13.218(9), c = 15.365(8) Å, = 82.74(5), = 68.04(4), = 65.30(5), and Z = 2. The Cu(II) atom has a geometry intermediate between tetrahedral and square planar, consisting of four nitrogen atoms of two tbz ligands. The Cu—N—Cu angles are about 135°, while the dihedral angle between them amounts to 62° (0° for square planar and 90° for a tetrahedron). Ligand field bands are observed at 10.2 × 10³, 13.8 × 10³, and 20.3 × 10³ cm^–1, while the most characteristic infrared vibrations of the triflate anion are observed at 1273, 1260, 1238, 1221, 1171, and 1157 cm^–1.     

On permanents and the zeros of rook polynomials

The concept of rook polynomial of a “chessboard” may be generalized to the rook polynomial of an arbitrary rectangular matrix. A conjecture that the rook polynomials of “chessboards” have only real zeros is thus carried over to the rook polynomials of nonnegative matrices. This paper proves these conjectures, and establishes interlacing properties for the zeros of the rook polynomials of a positive matrix and the matrix obtained by striking any one row or any one column.     

Investigation of the aging process of a polyvinyl chloride gel by the measurement of its dynamic moduli

Summary During the aging process of a 10%-solution of polyvinyl chloride in di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at temperatures between –20 and 110°C its storage and loss moduli were measured in a frequency range from 1.6×10^–4 to 40 cycles/sec. The specially defined rate of aging plotted against the aging temperature closely resembles the crystallization curve of a normally crystallizable polymer. Although the internal structure of the system changes, when the temperature is changed, the time-temperature reduction could still be applied provided some precautions were taken.Bueche's theory for networks, combined withFlory's post-gelation treatment, has been used to calculate some gel parameters: the molecular weight between cross-links, the sol fraction, the monomeric friction coefficient etc. It is shown that the aging process strongly depends on the thermal history. The cross-links formed by crystallites, differ very much in functionality. Continued aging, after previous aging at lower temperature, causes, after a first melting of unstable crystallites, a recrystallization process. During this process entanglements are formed. This results in a pseudo-equilibrium rubber plateau at higher frequencies, followed by a dispersion region and a lower equilibrium rubber plateau at lower frequencies.

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Zusammenfassung Während der Alterung (Gelierung) einer zehnprozentigen Lösung von Polyvinylchlorid in Di-(2-Äthylhexyl)-Phthalat wurden deren Speicher- und Verlustmoduln in einem Frequenzbereich zwischen 1,610^–4 und 40 Hertz gemessen. Die speziell definierte Alterungsgeschwindigkeit wurde gegen die Alterungstemperatur aufgetragen. Die so erhaltene Kurve ist der Kristallisationskurve eines normal kristallisierenden Polymeren ähnlich. Obwohl die innere Struktur des Systems sich mit der Temperatur ändert, konnte die Zeit-Temperatur-Reduktion doch ausgeführt werden, wenn geeignete Vorsorgmaßnahmen getroffen wurden.Bueches Netzwerktheorie wurde in Kombination mitFlorys Behandlung der Nachgelierung zur Berechnung einiger Parameter des Gels verwandt. Es handelt sich hierbei um das Molekulargewicht zwischen Verknüpfungsstellen, die Solfraktion, den Reibungskoeffizienten der monomeren Einheit u.a. Es wird gezeigt, daß der Alterungsprozeß stark von der thermischen Vorgeschichte abhängt. Die Verknüpfungsstellen, die durch Kristallite gebildet werden, zeigen starke Unterschiede in der Funktionalität. Fortgesetzte Alterung bei höherer Temperatur nach vorhergegangener Alterung bei tieferer Temperatur verursacht nach anfänglichem Schmelzen unstabiler Kristallite einen Rekristallisationsprozeß. Während dieses Prozesses werden Verhakungen (entanglements) gebildet. Diese bewirken die Entstehung eines zweiten (im Pseudo-Gleichgewicht befindlichen) Gummiplateaus bei höheren Frequenzen, auf das bei niedrigeren Frequenzen nach Passieren eines Dispersionsgebietes ein echtes (im Gleichgewicht befindliches) Gummiplateau folgt.

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With 17 figures and 4 tables     

Span‐Length Distributions of Star‐Branched Polymers

Many relations between the physical, rheological or mechanical properties of linear polymers and their molar mass are well known. For disperse polymers, parameters that express these relations are typically related to (a combination of) the moments of the molar‐mass distribution. Properties of branched, nonlinear polymers have been far more difficult to describe in the form of general relations. Monodisperse star polymers or regular stars, with a distinct number of arms and equal arm length, are the simplest member of the family of branched polymers and have served as model compounds in many studies. For these regular stars, the relation between zero shear viscosity and arm or span length has been determined. To establish equivalent relations for disperse star‐branched polymers, it is important to assess the span‐length distribution and its moments; these parameters can be calculated when the distribution of the molar mass of the arms of a star‐branched polymer is known, for instance, for a known polymerization mechanism.

Span‐length probability functions of star‐branched polycondensates with x_n = 100: f = 1 (•), f = 2 (○), f = 3 (▪), f = 5 (□), and f = 10 (+).     

Relaxation behaviour of stretched polymer melts

The relaxation behaviour of stretched polymer melts is described with the aid of the Lodge-model, in which a finite deformation time is incorporated. The theoretical predictions, based on this model, are in fair agreement with experimental results, at least for relatively small deformations. A simple shift factor is introduced to fit the theoretical and experimental curves in the case of larger deformations.