Ausbrennen von Kohlenstoffhaltigen,in den Ziegelrohstoff Eingepressten Stoffen

Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Ausbrennung organischer Stoffe im Ziegelscherben wird verfolgt und erläutert. Die Möglichkeiten der Beeinflussung des energetischen Aufwandes unter Nutzung moderner analytischer Methoden sind festzustellen. Bei einem diffusen Ausbrennen ist die Dichte und Durchlässigkeit des Scherbens massgebend. Praktische Anwendungsmöglichkeiten verschiedener auszubrennender Stoffe in unterschiedlichen Rohstoffen der Ziegelindustrie.

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The kinetics of burn-out of organic materials in bricks has been followed and explained. It is to establish that using new analytical methods the energy consumption can be influenced. The diffuse burn-out is determined by the density and permeability of bricks. There is a possibility for practical use of the results in the brick-industry with the different compounds to be burnt out from various raw materials.

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Functional characterization of two-dimensional gel-separated proteins using sequential staining

Proteins separated by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis can be visualized using various protein staining methods. This is followed by downstream procedures, such as image analysis, gel spot cutting, protein digestion, and mass spectrometry (MS), to characterize protein expression profiles within cells, tissues, organisms, or body fluids. Characterizing specific post-translational modifications on proteins using MS of peptide fragments is difficult and labor-intensive. Recently, specific staining methods have been developed and merged into the 2-D gel platform so that not only general protein patterns but also patterns of phosphorylated and glycosylated proteins can be obtained. We used the new Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein dye technology for the fluorescent detection of phosphoproteins directly in 2-D gels of mouse leukocyte proteins, and Pro-Q Emerald 488 glycoprotein dye to detect glycoproteins. These two fluorescent stains are compatible with general protein stains, such as SYPRO Ruby stain. We devised a sequential procedure using Pro-Q Diamond (phosphoprotein), followed by Pro-Q Emerald 488 (glycoprotein), followed by SYPRO Ruby stain (general protein stain), and finally silver stain for total protein profile. This multiple staining of the proteins in a single gel provided parallel determination of protein expression and preliminary characterization of post-translational modifications of proteins in individual spots on 2-D gels. Although this method does not provide the same degree of certainty as traditional MS methods of characterizing post-translational modifications, it is much simpler, faster, and does not require sophisticated equipment and expertise in MS.     

Ground-state properties and static dipole polarizabilities of the alkali dimers from K2 n to Fr2 n(n=0,+1) from scalar relativistic pseudopotential coupled cluster and density functional studies

The newly adjusted energy-consistent nine-valence-electron pseudopotentials for K to Fr are used to calculate spectroscopic properties for the neutral and positively charged alkali dimers using coupled cluster and density functional theory. For the neutral dimers the static dipole polarizability was calculated. The coupled cluster results are all in excellent agreement with experimental values. The density functionals used can give quite different spectroscopic properties especially for the dipole polarizability, with the Perdew-Wang PW91 functional performing best.     

1,5-bis(dicarboxymethylaminomethyl)-2,6- dihydroxynaphthalene as a selective spectrofluorimetric reagent for calcium

1,5-Bis(dicarboxymethylaminomethyl)-2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene (BDDN) forms fluorescent complexes with aluminium, barium, beryllium, calcium, magnesium and strontium. All the complexes have 2:1 metal :ligand ratios. Barium, calcium, magnesium and strontium exhibit maximal fluorescence at pH 11.7, with excitation and emission maxima at 385 and 445 nm respectively. Aluminium and beryllium show maximal fluorescence at pH 5.8 and 5.2 respectively, the excitation and emission maxima being at 370 and 405 nm. The formation of the calcium complex provides a highly sensitive and selective determination of calcium in the range 10/2-500 ng. The fluorescence measurement of calcium should be made within 5 min of mixing the solutions because of the instability of the reagent at the given pH. Potassium cyanide may be used as a masking agent and ter- or quadrivalent cations should be removed by preliminary extraction with 8-hydroxyquinoline in chloroform at pH 6.0. In such conditions, of 33 cations studied, only magnesium (>20 ng), strontium (>70 ng) and barium (>150 ng) caused interference in the determination of 300 ng of calcium. Among 16 anions examined, only EDTA interfered seriously.     

Optisch aktive übergangsmetall-komplexe : LXVIII. Darstellung,epimerisierung, röntgenstrukturanalyse und absolute konfiguration von (-)546-C7H7Mo(CO)(PN★)I

C₇H₇Mo(CO)(PN^★)I (I) (PN^★  (S)(+)-(C₆H₅)₂PN(CH₃)CH(CH₃)(C₆H₅)) is prepared in 90% yield by reaction of C₇H₇Mo(CO)₂I and PN^★. The two diastereo-isomers Ia and Ib differing only in the Mo-configuration exhibit chemical shift differences of their C₇H₇ and CH₃ signals. Ia and Ib can be separated by fractional crystallization. In solution Ia epimerizes with respect to the Mo configuration. The half lives in benzene for the equilibration Ia ? Ib are 5.5, 30, and 104 min at 60, 50, and 40°C, respectively. Phosphine exchange experiments show that the epimerization proceeds via PN^★ dissociation.An X-ray structure analysis was carried out on a single crystal of Ia. The absolute configuration at Mo was determined to be (R).     

Near infrared electronic spectrum of TCNQ mono-valent anion

The high resolution near infrared electronic spectrum of TCNQ anion dissolved in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran glass at 77 K has been determined. The absorption bands are interpreted as simple progressions of two molecular vibrations in a single electronic excited state with ν₀₀ = 11661 cm^?1. The molecular vibrations (ω′₁ = 1264 ± 3 cm^?1, ω′₂ = 335 ± 3 cm^?1) of the vibrational progression agree well with observed Raman active transitions. The experimental data do not require the presence of two electronic transitions in the 1.3 to 2.1 eV region, contrary to what had been assumed previously on the basis of less well resolved room temperature spectra.     

Luminescent properties of three structures built from 3‐cyano‐4‐dicyanomethylene‐5‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐olate and cadmium

Yellow–orange tetraaquabis(3‐cyano‐4‐dicyanomethylene‐5‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐olato‐κN³)cadmium(II) dihydrate, [Cd(C₈HN₄O₂)₂(H₂O)₄]·2H₂O, (I), and yellow tetraaquabis(3‐cyano‐4‐dicyanomethylene‐5‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐olato‐κN³)cadmium(II) 1,4‐dioxane solvate, [Cd(C₈HN₄O₂)₂(H₂O)₄]·C₄H₈O₂, (II), contain centrosymmetric mononuclear Cd²⁺ coordination complex molecules in different conformations. Dark‐red poly[[decaaquabis(μ₂‐3‐cyano‐4‐dicyanomethylene‐5‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐olato‐κ²N:N′)bis(μ₂‐3‐cyano‐4‐dicyanomethylene‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐diolato‐κ²N:N′)tricadmium] hemihydrate], [Cd₃(C₈HN₄O₂)₂(C₈N₄O₂)₂(H₂O)₁₀]·0.5H₂O, (III), has a polymeric two‐dimensional structure, the building block of which includes two cadmium cations (one of them located on an inversion centre), and both singly and doubly charged anions. The cathodoluminescence spectra of the crystals are different and cover the wavelength range from UV to red, with emission peaks at 377 and 620 nm for (III), and at 583 and 580 nm for (I) and (II), respectively.     

Metal chelate exchange in the organic phase-II Extraction and exchange constants of dithizonates and diethyldithiocarbamates

Dithizonates and diethyldithiocarbamates of Ag, Tl(I), Cu(II), Zn, Cd, Hg(II), Pb, Fe(II), Co(II), Ni, Pd(II), In(III), As(III), Sb(III), Bi, Se(IV) and Te(IV) have been prepared and their reactions in carbon tetrachloride have been studied spectrophotometrically. From the exchange constants determined, the extraction constants of metal diethyldithiocarbamates have been calculated. Where formation of mixed chelates has been observed, corresponding exchange constants have been determined. Finally, the influence of organic solvents (CCl(4), CHCl(3), C(6)H(6) and C(6)H(5)Cl) on the exchange reaction of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate with dithizone has been investigated.     

Interdiffusion in the Co-Ni system-I concentration penetration curves and interdiffusion coefficients

The interdiffusion in the Co-Ni system has been investigated in the temperature range of 950 to 1150 °C, by means of diffusion specimens of pure Co and Ni. The concentration curvesN(x, t) obtained with the aid of an JXA-3 A JEOL electron microprobe were evaluated using the smoothing cubic spline method by means of the Boltzmann-Matano equation. The obtained interdififusion coefficient values ¯D increase with the increasing Ni concentration and satisfy the Arrhenius equation at temperaturesH 990 °C. At lower temperatures the influence of high diffusivity paths may be effective, resulting in higher ¯D values. No expressive influence of atomic (Ni₃Co) or magnetic order on the interdiffusion has been detected. The activation enthalpyH values were found almost concentration independent. A Kirkendall effect study has been carried out with positive results which are presented in Part II of this paper. A new method for the determination of diffusants concentration in the Kirkendall plane was proposed. With the use of this method and of Darken equations the intrinsic diffusion coefficients were calculated. These results are given in Part III.