Mercury(II) mediated cyclisation of R-1-(1′-hydroxyethyl)-2-(1″-propenyl)-3-alkoxy-4-methoxybenzenes to chiral isochromanes

A protocol has been established for the transformation of chiral ortho 1-hydroxyethyl propenyl benzenes under both anaerobic and oxidative mercury(II) mediated conditions to produce chiral isochromanes. Further transformations of the former products yielded chiral isochromanquinones, while the latter afforded the corresponding chiral 4-hydroxyisochromanquinones.     

Perturbation theory for open-shell systems: Simulation of the UHF states by means of the perturbed RHF wave functions

Second-, third-, and selected fourth-order contributions to the correlation energy were calculated for a series of simple open-shell systems by means of the previously developed double-perturbation theory in the restricted MO formalism. It was found possible to assign some of the diagrams to self-consistency effects and to approximate in this way the E – E energy difference. A comparison is made with a more rigorous approach, in which the UHF ground-state wave function is expressed as a first-order perturbation expansion based on the RHF reference wave function. Distinguishing between “self-consistency” and “correlation” diagrams for open-shell systems in the RHF formulation represents a special case of a more general problem met in any double-perturbation treatment, such as, e.g., treatments of systems in the external field or perturbation expansions with noncanonical orbitals.     

Amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide with a manganese dioxide film-modified screen printed carbon electrode

A carbon thick film electrode modified with an MnO₂-film is investigated as an amperometric detector for hydrogen peroxide in flow-injection analysis (FIA). At an operating potential of +0.48 V vs. Ag/AgCl catalytic oxidation of the analyte is exploited for amperometric monitoring. Experimental parameters, such as pH of the carrier, working potential, flow rate and injection volume, are optimized. The amperometric signals are linearly proportional to the concentration of H₂O₂ in the range from 0.005 to 10 mg/L, showing a detection limit (3σ) of 2.3 μg/L. The method is applied to the determination of H₂O₂ in rain water and to a simple assay to quantify glucose in human plasma.     

Multicanonical schemes for mapping out free-energy landscapes of single-component and multicomponent systems

Multicanonical (MUCA) sampling is a powerful approach for simulating large domains of thermodynamic macrostate space that relies on mapping out either the density of states or a free energy of the system as a function of a suitable "order parameter." The purpose of this study is to extend and apply to more complex systems the method introduced in a previous paper [M. K. Fenwick and F. A. Escobedo, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 3066 (2004)] that uses Bennett's acceptance ratio method for estimating MUCA free energies. Four types of MUCA schemes are considered according to what order parameter is adopted and how the macrostate space is traversed: a la grand canonical ensemble, a la semigrand canonical ensemble, a la semigrand isothermal-isobaric ensemble, and a la isothermal-isobaric ensemble. Two types of systems are studied, the first is a two-component Lennard-Jones mixture that exhibits a vapor-liquid transition, and the second is a hard-cuboid containing system that exhibits an isotropic-liquid crystalline transition. These systems are simulated with different MUCA schemes and the resulting free-energy profiles are used to determine phase-coexistence conditions. For the Lennard-Jones systems, it is also demonstrated that different types of MUCA simulations can be conveniently performed over different macrostate regions and the results can be subsequently pieced together into a continuous weighting function.     

New class of potent catalysts of O2.-dismutation. Mn(III) ortho-methoxyethylpyridyl- and di-ortho-methoxyethylimidazolylporphyrins

Three new Mn(III) porphyrin catalysts of O2.-dismutation (superoxide dismutase mimics), bearing ether oxygen atoms within their side chains, were synthesized and characterized: Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[N-(2-methoxyethyl)pyridinium-2-yl]porphyrin (MnTMOE-2-PyP(5+)), Mn(III)5,10,15,20-tetrakis[N-methyl-N'-(2-methoxyethyl)imidazolium-2-yl]porphyrin (MnTM,MOE-2-ImP(5+)) and Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[N,N'-di(2-methoxyethyl)imidazolium-2-yl]porphyrin (MnTDMOE-2-ImP(5+)). Their catalytic rate constants for O2.-dismutation (disproportionation) and the related metal-centered redox potentials vs. NHE are: log k(cat)= 8.04 (E(1/2)=+251 mV) for MnTMOE-2-PyP(5+), log k(cat)= 7.98 (E(1/2)=+356 mV) for MnTM,MOE-2-ImP(5+) and log k(cat)= 7.59 (E(1/2)=+365 mV) for MnTDMOE-2-ImP(5+). The new porphyrins were compared to the previously described SOD mimics Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP(5+)), Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-n-butylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTnBu-2-PyP(5+)) and Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N,N'-diethylimidazolium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTDE-2-ImP(5+)). MnTMOE-2-PyP(5+) has side chains of the same length and the same E(1/2), as MnTnBu-2-PyP(5+)(k(cat)= 7.25, E(1/2)=+ 254 mV), yet it is 6-fold more potent a catalyst of O2.-dismutation , presumably due to the presence of the ether oxygen. The log k(cat)vs. E(1/2) relationship for all Mn porphyrin-based SOD mimics thus far studied is discussed. None of the new compounds were toxic to Escherichia coli in the concentration range studied (up to 30 microM), and protected SOD-deficient E. coli in a concentration-dependent manner. At 3 microM levels, the MnTDMOE-2-ImP(5+), bearing an oxygen atom within each of the eight side chains, was the most effective and offered much higher protection than MnTE-2-PyP(5+), while MnTDE-2-ImP(5+) was of very low efficacy.     

Comparison of standard capillary and chip separations of sodium dodecylsulfate-protein complexes

Conditions for converting a set of five standard proteins to electrochemically active sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) complexes were worked out with the aim of using such complexes for conductivity detection with a a chip electrophoresis system. The results obtained were compared with standard capillary electrophoresis (37 cm (effective length 30 cm)×75 μm I.D. capillary, 10 kV, negative polarity at the inlet). The chip separations were run at 500 V per chip (100 V/cm) as compared to the standard capillary arrangement, which was run at 266.6 V/cm. For the capillary set-up the protein complexes were prepared in aqueous solution (Milli-Q water) made 10 mM with respect to SDS. If the SDS concentration was increased to 50 mM, the separation in the capillary was incomplete. On the other hand with the chip system both approaches yielded acceptable results. The chip separations were slightly (but not distinctly) shorter and offered better separations than the standard set-up. The concentration of the surfactant used for the preparation the complexes results in alternations of the elution sequence, which is preserved if the chip separation is used instead of the capillary set-up. Apparently the full capacity of protein–SDS binding is not exploited for the preparation of the adducts.     

Quantitative characterization of the global electrophilicity pattern of some reagents involved in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions

The global electrophilicity power, ω, of a series of dipoles and dipolarophiles commonly used in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions may be conveniently classified within a unique relative scale. The effects of chemical substitution on the electrophilicity of molecules have been evaluated using a representative set of electron-withdrawing and electron-releasing groups for a series of dipoles including nitrone, nitrile oxide and azide derivatives. The absolute scale of electrophilicity is used to rationalize the chemical reactivity of these species as compared to the static reactivity pattern of the reagents involved in the Diels-Alder reactions.     

Low-dimensional Compounds Containing Cyano Groups. XIII. Structural–spectral Correlation of Copper Dicyanoargentates

The new mixed-valence mixed-metal complex Cu(py)₆Cu₂Ag₂(CN)₆ (py = pyridine) possesses a three dimensional polymeric crystal structure. The Cu(I) atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of pyridine molecules, by one nitrogen atom of the dicyanoargentate anion and by one carbon atom of the cyano group. Both the dicyanoargentate anion and the cyano group bridge the Cu(I) atom with neighboring Cu(II) atoms. These are hexacoordinated in the form of an elongated tetragonal bipyramid. The equatorial plane is formed by two nitrogen atoms from two pyridine molecules and two nitrogen atoms from bridging cyano groups. Axial positions are occupied by nitrogen atoms of the bridging [Ag(CN₂]⁻ anions. Correlation between structures of the title compound and seven other dicyanoargentates with their i.r. spectra has been studied. The coordination mode of [Ag(CN₂]⁻ anions in compounds Cu_8-xAg_x(tn)₃(CN)₁₀ x = 0.25, Cu(3-Mepy)₂Ag₂(CN)₄, Cu(py)₂Ag₂(CN)₄ and Cu(py)₄Ag₂(CN)₄ (tn is 1,3-diaminopropane, 3-Mepy is 3-methylpyridine) is predicted based on this correlation.     

Synthesis, characterization, and tautomerism of four novel copper(I) complexes from 3-hydroxy-3-(p-R-phenyl)-2-propenedithioic acids

The paper describes the synthesis and structural characterization of four novel copper(I) complexes [CuL(PPh(3))(2)] (L = 3-hydroxy-3-(p-R-phenyl)-2-propenedithioate). In addition, a tautomeric equilibrium in solution was found and Hammett correlations with (13)C NMR parameters were studied. The structure of one complex was fully established by X-ray diffraction analysis.