Reactions of pyrrolidine enamines of cyclic and acyclic 3,4-dioxobutanoic acid Derivatives with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. A new case of atropoisomerism.

Reaction conditions and structure of the starting enamines (cyclic or open-chain) determine greatly the final products of the title reactions. Whereas in benzene and acetonitrile, DMAD and 1 give a mixture of the diastereoisomeric dienamines 5, in methanol they afford pirrolizine 3. Enaminofuranones 2 and 10 furnish the corresponding “Michael adducts” 7a,b,c and 11a,b,c but fail to yield pirrolizines. It has been demonstrated that above b and c adducts differ exclusively on the arrangement of groups around a chiral axis.     

Nachweis isomerer Phenole und Nitroaniline,von Naphthylamin und Anilin

Zusammenfassung Die mit diazotiertem p-Nitranilin hergestellten Tetrazoverbindungen von Phenolderivaten geben mit Magnesium in alkalischem Mediumfarbige Komplexe. Die Farbe des Komplexes ist verschieden bei substituierten und nicht substituierten bzw. verschieden substituierten Phenolen. Damit kann man Phenol-, Kresol- und Chlorphenol-Isomere bzw. 2,4- und 2,6-Dichlorphenol unterscheiden.Beim Diazotieren von Nitranilin und Kuppeln mit Anilin entstehen. Indikatorsäuren; p-Nitranilin bildet die stärkste Indikatorsäure, m-Nitranilin die schwächste. Auf dieser Grundlage können alle drei Isomeren nebeneinander nachgewiesen werden. Außerdem bilden die aus p- und o-Nitranilin entstandenen Indikatoren mit Magnesium verschieden gefärbte Nitronsäurekomplexe, während m-Nitranilin, das zur Nitronsäuretautomerie nicht befähigt ist, keinen Komplex bildet.Naphthylamine geben mit diazotiertem p-Nitranilin in wäßrigem. Medium eine Indikatorbase, Anilin eine Indikatorsäure. In alkoholischem Medium führt-Naphthylamin bei Kupplung von diazotiertem p-Nitranilin zu einem amphoteren Säure-Base-Indikator, aber-Naphthylamin und Anilin zu Indikatorsäuren. Damit kann man Naphthylamin und Anilin nebeneinander nachweisen. Kuppelt man Phenyldiazoniumchlorid mit Naphthylamin, so erhält man mit-Naphthylamin eine starke Indikatorbase, mit- Naphthylamin eine schwache Indikatorbase. Auf der Basis dieser Indikatorwirkung kann man-Naphthylamin neben- Naphthylamin nachweisen.

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Summary The tetrazo compounds of phenol derivatives prepared with diazotizedp-nitraniline yield colored complexes with magnesium in alkaline surroundings. The color of the complexes differs with substituted and non-substituted or variously substituted phenols. It is possible in this way to differentiate phenol, cresol and chlorophenol isomers, and also 2,4- and 2,6-dichlorophenol.Indicator acids result from diazotized nitraniline coupled with aniline;p-nitraniline yields the strongest indicator acid,m-nitraniline the weakest. With this information as a basis, all three isomers can be detected in the presence of each other. In addition, the indicators produced fromp- ando-nitraniline give nitronic acid complexes with magnesium that differ in color, whilem-nitraniline, which is not capable of nitronic acid tautomerism, forms no complex.Naphthylamines gives an indicator base in aqueous medium with diazotizedp-nitraniline, whereas aniline yields an indicator acid. In alcoholic medium, 1-naphthylamine on coupling with diazotizedp-nitraniline produces an amphoteric acid-base indicator, but 2-naphthylamine and aniline yield indicator acids. Naphthylamine and aniline can be detected in this way in the presence of each other. If phenyldiazonium chloride is coupled with naphthylamine, a strong indicator base is obtained with 1-naphthylamine, a weak indicator base with 2-naphthylamine. This indicator action is the basis of the detection of 1-naphthylamine in the presence of 2-naphthylamine.

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Résumé Les composés tétrazoïques des dérivés phénoliques qui se forment avec lap-nitraniline diazotée, donnent avec le magnésium, en milieu alcalin, des complexes colorés. La couleur du complexe diffère suivant que les phénols sont substitués, non substitués ou différemment substitués. On peut ainsi distinguer le phénol, les crésols et les chlorophénols isomères, ainsi que les dichloro-2,4 et -2,6 phénols.En diazotant la nitraniline et en copulant avec l'aniline, des acides indicateurs prennent naissance, lap-nitraniline donnant l'acide indicateur le plus fort, lam-nitraniline le plus faible. En s'appuyant sur ce fait, on peut rechercher les trois isomères en présence les uns des autres. En outre, les indicateurs qui prennent naissance à partir de lap- et de l'o-nitraniline forment avec le magnésium différents complexes colorés acinitrés, alors que lam-nitraniline, qui n'est pas susceptible d'une tautomérie de l'acide nitronique, ne donne pas de complexe.Les naphtylamines donnent avec lap-nitraniline diazotée, en milieu aqueux, une base indicateur et l'aniline, un acide indicateur. En milieu alcoolique, l'-naphtylamine conduit par copulation de lap-nitraniline diazotée à un indicateur acide-base amphotère mais la-naphtylamine et l'aniline à des acides indicateurs. On peut ainsi rechercher la naphtylamine et l'aniline en présence l'une de l'autre. Si l'on copule le chlorure de phenyldiazonium avec la naphtylamine, on obtient avec la forme une base indicateur forte et avec la forme une base indicateur faible. En se fondant sur cette action d'indicateur, on peut rechercher l'-naphtylamine en présence de-naphtylamine.

     

Reaction-based machine learning representations for predicting the enantioselectivity of organocatalysts

Hundreds of catalytic methods are developed each year to meet the demand for high-purity chiral compounds. The computational design of enantioselective organocatalysts remains a significant challenge, as catalysts are typically discovered through experimental screening. Recent advances in combining quantum chemical computations and machine learning (ML) hold great potential to propel the next leap forward in asymmetric catalysis. Within the context of quantum chemical machine learning (QML, or atomistic ML), the ML representations used to encode the three-dimensional structure of molecules and evaluate their similarity cannot easily capture the subtle energy differences that govern enantioselectivity. Here, we present a general strategy for improving molecular representations within an atomistic machine learning model to predict the DFT-computed enantiomeric excess of asymmetric propargylation organocatalysts solely from the structure of catalytic cycle intermediates. Mean absolute errors as low as 0.25 kcal mol⁻¹ were achieved in predictions of the activation energy with respect to DFT computations. By virtue of its design, this strategy is generalisable to other ML models, to experimental data and to any catalytic asymmetric reaction, enabling the rapid screening of structurally diverse organocatalysts from available structural information.

A machine learning model for enantioselectivity prediction using reaction-based molecular representations.     

Identification of a series of C25-C40 acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons in crude oils

The identification of acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons in organic extracts of geological samples and particularly in petroleum deserves a great interest from the biological origin of the sedimentary organic matter and the understanding of geochemical processes.     

Sandwich structures at oil-water interfaces under alkaline conditions

Equilibrium liquid crystal (LC) layer on an interface between crude oils and water was observed at high pH. This layer is composed mainly of sodium naphthenates produced in situ at the water/oil interface. Transient LC layer was also evolved at the interface of aqueous phase of sodium hydroxide solutions and oleic phase of naphthenic acid (NA) solutions as result of a chemical reaction between NaOH and NA. This chemical reaction causes transport process resulting in a disturbance of the interface. Optical observation of this interface disturbance reviled that the interface covered with LC shows considerably lower flexibility as compared to LC free interface. The LC layer eventually dissolves in the water phase at low oil-to-water ratio, while at high oil-to-water ratio it can form an equilibrium phase, which spreads spontaneously at the oil-water interface.     

Thermodynamic parameters for the molecular inclusion reaction of dulcin with beta-cyclodextrin. spectrofluorimetric determination of dulcin

The inclusion of dulcin in alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin has been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. To quantitatively describe complex formation between the beta-cyclodextrin and dulcin, an association constant of 290 M(-1) at 21 degrees was obtained. The thermodynamics associated with the complex formation between dulcin and beta-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution has been studied. The obtained value of DeltaG(0) = -13.7 kJ/mole at 21 degrees , together with DeltaH(0) = -33.6 +/- 2.3 kJ/mole and DeltaS(0) = -67.2 +/-8.3 Jmole(-1) K(-1) indicate that dulcin has a very marked tendency to associate with beta-cyclodextrin in water. The inclusion complex of dulcin in beta-cyclodextrin has been used to determine dulein in the range 0.13-5 mug/ml the method has been applied to determine dulcin in soft drinks.     

Degradation of ²-O-4 lignin model and related compounds by the ascomyceteChrysonilia sitophila (TFB 27441 strain)

Growth of the ascomyceteChrysonilia sitophila during degradation of lignin model dimers and monomers was compared to a glucose control. An inhibition of growth by Cα-carbonyl monomers and stimulation by β-O-4 lignin model and vanillyl alcohol were observed. A comparison of the degradation by this ascomycete with the basidiomycetePhanerochaete chrysosoporium showed similarities in relation to the type of degradation caused.     

Properties and analytical applications of the heteropolymolybdates of phosphorus, arsenic, silicon and germanium-IV Determination of phosphomolybdic and silicomolybdic acids via the molybdenum content, with phenylfluorone

Procedures are proposed for the determination of phosphorus and silicon in the ppM range, by extraction of phosphomolybdic and silicomolybdic acids with organic solvent, decomposition of the complex and spectrophotometric determination of its molybdenum content.     

Complex study of nickel skeleton catalysts: V. Study of novel non-pyrophoric nickel skeleton catalysts by derivatograph

The structure and properties of non-pyrophoric skeleton catalysts prepared from NiSi, NiAlSi, NiMg and NiZn alloys have been studied—apart from other thermal methods—by means of the derivatograph.Our experimental results have contributed to the explanation of the non-pyrophoric behaviour of these catalysts. We demonstrated that the desorption of the hydrogen content in our catalysts is not accompanied by the oxidation of active nickel. This oxidation takes place only at higher temperatures, above 200°C, at a rate proportional to the amount of active nickel.Other constituents of the catalysts (adsorbed water, hydroxide content) were also determined from the experimental data. The outstandingly high Mg(OH)₂ content of the NiMg catalyst indicates that its structure is dissimilar: Mg(OH)₂ also acts as support for the catalyst.     

Isotope gas analysis of tritium-labelled organic compounds based on pyrolytical decomposition

Summary A procedure has been developed for the activity measurement of tritium-labelled organic compounds in the gas phase. The organic compounds are pyrolysed in hydrogen carrier gas at 1150° and the decomposition products are swept through a carbon packing in accordance with the principle of the oxygen determination developed byUnterzaucher andBürger. The radioactive gas mixture obtained from the sample is swept by the hydrogen carrier gas flowing continuously through the reactor into a proportional counter tube, after the addition of propanebutane counter gas. By closure of the counter tube at a suitable moment, the radioactive gas is quantitatively trapped in the counter tube. The activity is measured in the limited proportional region. No memory effect occurs. The preparation of the sample requires 12 minutes; the relative standard deviation of analysis is <0.5%.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur Aktivitätsbestimmung bei tritium-markierten organischen Verbindungen in der Gasphase wurde ausgearbeitet. Die organischen Substanzen werden in Wasserstoff als Trägergas bei 1150° pyrolysiert. Die Zersetzungsprodukte werden wie bei der Sauerstoffbestimmung nachUnterzaucher bzw.Bürger über eine Kohleschicht geleitet. Das radioaktive Gas-gemisch aus der Probe gelangt mit dem kontinuierlich strömenden Trägergas in ein Proportionalzählrohr, nachdem Propan-Butan-Zählgas zugesetzt wurde. Man schließt das Zählrohr im richtigen Augenblick, um das radioaktive Gas quantitativ zu erfassen. Die Aktivität wird im Proportionalbereich gemessen. Ein Memory-Effekt tritt nicht auf. Die Vorbereitung der Probe beansprucht 12 Minuten. Die relative Standardabweichung ist kleiner als 0,5%.