A randomly generated program for automatic identity checking

A method for making secret programs for automatic identity checking with very high demands for security, is described. The consistency of the sequence of digits, which identifies the person, is tested by a sequence of transformations, chosen by means of a stored secret random table. The method has been implemented for a system of unattended cash dispenser terminals, equipped with microprocessors.     

Stability and accuracy of spatial approximations for wave equation tidal models

Amplitude and phase characteristics for numerical approximations to the shallow water wave equation are obtained for linear and quadratic finite elements, for finite difference approximations, for non-constant bathemetry, and for uneven node spacing. Stability is shown to require non-zero friction as well as satisfaction of a Courant constraint. Lumping is shown to reduce the Courant constraint for stability while higher order and quadratic finite element approximations require a more restrictive constraint than their second order and linear finite element counterparts. The amplitude of the propagation factor for stable schemes and propagating waves is seen to be independent of the Courant number and type of numerical approximation. Although the higher order and quadratic schemes provide better propagation of the low and moderate frequency waves, the highest frequency waves (2Δx) are better propagated by low order numerical methods.     

Synthesis and reactions of hydroxylated stilbenes and their possible occurrence as chromophore precursor structures in lignin

Chromophores which contribute to the color of kraft lignins and the generation of dihydroxystilbene structures as chromophore precursors are discussed briefly. The various o,p- and p,p-dihydroxystilbenes and 4,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethoxy-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl)stilbene, obtained viaWittig syntheses, are colorless substances which become more or less red colored when exposed to air. By reductive acetylation (zinc—acetic anhydride) stilbenoquinones, o- and p-quinonoid, diphenoquinoic, quinone methide, and stable oxygen radical structures are converted to colorless compounds, stabilized by simultaneous blocking of the formed phenolic hydroxyl groups. Application of that reaction to technical kraft lignin fractions let assume that a low number of chromophore structures (max. 5%) are responsible for the intensive color of the material.     

Competition between Monovalent and Divalent Counterions in Surfactant Systems

Competition between mono- and divalent ions in the association of counterions to the headgroups of amphiphiles was studied in one surfactant system with organic counterions (piperidine⁺/piperazine²⁺octanesulfonate) and one with inorganic counterions (Na⁺/Ca²⁺octyl sulfate). By conductivity and¹³C NMR chemical shift measurements the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was found to decrease drastically when small amounts of divalent counterions were present in the system. Self-diffusion coefficients of surfactant ions and organic counterions were measured in the micellar phase by the Fourier transform pulsed-gradient spin-echo (FT-PGSE) NMR method. The degree of counterion binding in the micellar system with piperidine⁺/piperazine²⁺counterions was obtained from FT-PGSE NMR measurements. It was observed that the divalent counterions were more strongly bound than the monovalent counterions. The experimental results were compared with theoretical Poisson–Boltzmann calculations. The cell model was used to study the electrostatic effects. Good agreement between electrostatic theory and experiment was observed; however, an attractive force exists between the monovalent piperidine counterions and the micelle, probably because of hydrophobic interactions.     

Determination of the structures of symmetric protein oligomers from NMR chemical shifts and residual dipolar couplings

Symmetric protein dimers, trimers, and higher-order cyclic oligomers play key roles in many biological processes. However, structural studies of oligomeric systems by solution NMR can be difficult due to slow tumbling of the system and the difficulty in identifying NOE interactions across protein interfaces. Here, we present an automated method (RosettaOligomers) for determining the solution structures of oligomeric systems using only chemical shifts, sparse NOEs, and domain orientation restraints from residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) without a need for a previously determined structure of the monomeric subunit. The method integrates previously developed Rosetta protocols for solving the structures of monomeric proteins using sparse NMR data and for predicting the structures of both nonintertwined and intertwined symmetric oligomers. We illustrated the performance of the method using a benchmark set of nine protein dimers, one trimer, and one tetramer with available experimental data and various interface topologies. The final converged structures are found to be in good agreement with both experimental data and previously published high-resolution structures. The new approach is more readily applicable to large oligomeric systems than conventional structure-determination protocols, which often require a large number of NOEs, and will likely become increasingly relevant as more high-molecular weight systems are studied by NMR.     

G protein-coupled receptor mediated sensing of TMA

A new approach for the detection of trimethylamine (TMA) using recombinant Xenopus laevis melanophores was developed. The cells were genetically modified to express the mouse trace amine-associated receptor 5 (mTAAR5), a G protein-coupled receptor from the olfactory epithelium, which conferred high sensitivity to TMA. A focused chemical screen allowed the discovery of additional, previously unknown stimuli of mTAAR5. The cell-based sensor demonstrated no sensitivity to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), making it suitable for a convenient evaluation of TMA levels in fish tissue extracts. The developed gas measurement platform was able to detect TMA from 1 to 100 ppm within thirty-five minutes.     

Alpha scattering by heavy nuclei

We develop an approximation scheme to calculate the Glauber amplitude for elastic and inelastic alpha-nucleus scattering. It is rapidly converging and works for any nuclear density. The α-particle density is assumed Gaussian.     

Eine Mikromethode zur Bestimmung von organisch gebundenem Kohlenstoff in Seewasser

Zusammenfassung Die organische Substanz in natürlichen Wässern wird durch kontinuierliches Einengen im Vakuum in einem Spezialkolben bei Anwesenheit von wenig Phosphorsäure konzentriert. Das Konzentrat wird sodann im selben Kolben mit einer flüssigen Oxidationsmischung verascht, das Kohlendioxyd im Vakuum von einer Barytlösung absorbiert und die Carbonatmenge zwischen ph 10 und 4 titriert. Die Apparatur ist einfach und die Methode arbeitet mit einer Genauigkeit von 1% für eine Probenmenge mit 2 mg organischem Kohlenstoff. Die Ausführung einer Analyse nimmt 1 1/4 Stunden in Anspruch.Die Verteilung von gelöster und suspendierter Substanz in einem See wurde vorläufig untersucht.

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Summary The organic material in natural waters was concentrated by continuous evaporation in vacuo in a special flask and in the presence of phosphoric acid. The concentrate was then ashed in the same flask by means of a liquid oxydizing mixture and the carbon dioxide absorbed in vacuo in a solution of barium hydroxide. The resulting carbonate was titrated between ph 10 and 4. The apparatus is simple, the method yields an accuracy of 1% with samples containing 2 mg organic matter. The analysis requires 75 minutes. — The distribution of dissolved and suspended substance in lake water was tentatively determined.

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Résumé Les matières organiques des eaux naturelles sont concentrées par evaporation continue sous vide, dans un récipient spécial, en présence, d'acide phosphorique. Le produit de la concentration est alors minéralisé dans le récipient même à l'aide d'un mélange liquide oxydant et le gaz carbonique absorbé sous vide dans une solution de baryte. Le carbonate formé est titré entre ph 10 et 4. L'appareil est simple, la méthode conduit àune précision de 1% avec des échantillons contenant 2 mg de matière organique. L'analyse demande 75 minutes. On a déterminé la distribution de substances dissoutes ou en suspension dans les eaux d'un lac.