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Zusammenfassung Die organische Substanz in natürlichen Wässern wird durch kontinuierliches Einengen im Vakuum in einem Spezialkolben bei Anwesenheit von wenig Phosphorsäure konzentriert. Das Konzentrat wird sodann im selben Kolben mit einer flüssigen Oxidationsmischung verascht, das Kohlendioxyd im Vakuum von einer Barytlösung absorbiert und die Carbonatmenge zwischen ph 10 und 4 titriert. Die Apparatur ist einfach und die Methode arbeitet mit einer Genauigkeit von 1% für eine Probenmenge mit 2 mg organischem Kohlenstoff. Die Ausführung einer Analyse nimmt 1 1/4 Stunden in Anspruch.Die Verteilung von gelöster und suspendierter Substanz in einem See wurde vorläufig untersucht.
Summary The organic material in natural waters was concentrated by continuous evaporation in vacuo in a special flask and in the presence of phosphoric acid. The concentrate was then ashed in the same flask by means of a liquid oxydizing mixture and the carbon dioxide absorbed in vacuo in a solution of barium hydroxide. The resulting carbonate was titrated between ph 10 and 4. The apparatus is simple, the method yields an accuracy of 1% with samples containing 2 mg organic matter. The analysis requires 75 minutes. — The distribution of dissolved and suspended substance in lake water was tentatively determined.

Résumé Les matières organiques des eaux naturelles sont concentrées par evaporation continue sous vide, dans un récipient spécial, en présence, d'acide phosphorique. Le produit de la concentration est alors minéralisé dans le récipient même à l'aide d'un mélange liquide oxydant et le gaz carbonique absorbé sous vide dans une solution de baryte. Le carbonate formé est titré entre ph 10 et 4. L'appareil est simple, la méthode conduit àune précision de 1% avec des échantillons contenant 2 mg de matière organique. L'analyse demande 75 minutes. On a déterminé la distribution de substances dissoutes ou en suspension dans les eaux d'un lac.
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Cellulases hydrolysing the interior parts of cellulose, also called endoglucanases, were immobilised in micro-immobilised enzyme reactors (μIMER) made of porous silicon with the purpose of investigating the use of such μIMERs for hydrolysis of cellodextrins and soluble cellulose derivatives. The endoglucanases Trichoderma reesei Cel 12A (TrCel 12A) and Bacillus agaradhaerens Cel 5A (BaCel 5A) were covalently coupled to the surface of a silicon microchip through Schiff base formation. For characterisation cellohexaose was used as substrate for the immobilised enzymes. The characteristics of the μIMER were investigated by studying the product formation when varying the concentration, flow-rate, temperature and pH of the substrate solution. Hydrolysis was performed in the μIMER connected on-line to a chromatographic system, where the products were separated and detected using high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) coupled to pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). A comparison of the hydrolytic pattern between BaCel 5A and TrCel 12A was carried out and the results show that the two investigated endoglucanases give specific hydrolytic patterns in the products formed that provide important information about the enzymes. The μIMERs are robust and can be employed continuously over a period of at least several days. Moreover, on appropriate storage, no activity loss is seen after 60 days. The ability of the BaCel 5A containing μIMER to perform hydrolysis of derivatised cellulose was also investigated using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as substrate. Separation and detection were carried out using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with refractive index detection (RI). The results show that the μIMERs are robust and can be employed for on-line hydrolysis of both cellodextrins and derivatised cellulose of high molecular weight.  相似文献   
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We present free energy estimates of nine 3-amidinobenzyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamide inhibitors of factor Xa. Using alchemical thermodynamic integration (TI) calculations, we estimate the difference in binding free energies with high accuracy and precision, except for mutations involving one of the amidinobenzyl rings. Crystal studies show that the inhibitors may bind in two distinct conformations, and using TI, we show that the two conformations give a similar binding affinity. Furthermore, we show that we can reduce the computational demand, while still retaining a high accuracy and precision, by using fewer integration points and shorter protein-ligand simulations. Finally, we have compared the TI results to those obtained with the simpler MM/GBSA method (molecular-mechanics with generalized Born surface-area solvation). MM/GBSA gives better results for the mutations that involve a change of net charge, but if a precision similar to that of the TI method is required, the MM/GBSA method is actually slightly more expensive. Thus, we have shown that TI could be a valuable tool in drug design.  相似文献   
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The spectral fingerprinting of the excitation emission matrix (EEM) of fluorescent substances is demonstrated using polychromatic light sources and tri-chromatic image detectors. A model of the measured fingerprints explaining their features and classification performance, based on the polychromatic excitation of the indicators is proposed.Substantial amount of spectral information is retained in the fingerprints as corroborated by multivariate analysis and experimental conditions that favor such situation are identified.In average, for five different substances, the model shows a fitting goodness measured by the Pearson's r coefficient and the root mean square deviation of 0.8541 and 0.0247 respectively, while principal component classification patterns satisfactorily compare with the EEM spectroscopy classification and respectively explain 96% and 93% of the information in the fist two principal components.The measurements can be performed using regular computer screens as illumination and web cameras as detectors, which constitute ubiquitous and affordable platforms compatible with distributed evaluations, in contrast to regular instrumentation for EEM measurements.  相似文献   
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Entanglement of any pure state of an N×N bi-partite quantum system may be characterized by the vector of coefficients arising by its Schmidt decomposition. We analyze various measures of entanglement derived from the generalized entropies of the vector of Schmidt coefficients. For N≥3 they generate different ordering in the set of pure states and for some states their ordering depends on the measure of entanglement used. This odd-looking property is acceptable, since these incomparable states cannot be transformed to each other with unit efficiency by any local operation. In analogy to special relativity the set of pure states equivalent under local unitaries has a causal structure so that at each point the set splits into three parts: the “Future,” the “Past,” and the set of noncomparable states.  相似文献   
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