Influence of hydrophobe content on the solution rheology of hydrophobically modified terpolymer of SO2, N,N-diallyl-N-carboethoxymethylammonium chloride

Rheological properties of hydrophobically modified copolymer of SO₂, N,N-diallyl-N-carboethoxymethylammonium chloride and the hydrophobic monomer N,N-diallyl-N-octadecylammonium chloride were studied. The influence of hydrophobe content (HP) and polymer concentration was investigated. Polymers with HP content in the range 1.5-5% were examined and the concentration was varied in the range 2-5 wt%. Both dynamic and steady-shear experiments were performed in ARES rheometer. Copolymers were observed to exhibit typical viscoelastic behavior even with low HP content. Both the dynamic viscosity, η′ and storage modulus, G′, increase with the increase of both the polymer concentration and the HP content of the system. The viscosity of the high HP content polymer showed a strong shear dependency, while G′ was a weak function of frequency and gel-like behavior was observed. The zero-shear viscosity, η₀, showed a strong concentration dependency (η₀ ∼ ?^α; 1.1 < α < 5.9). The concentration dependency of η₀ suggests that intermolecular association is dominant in the high HP content polymer. Control of the HP content and polymer concentration of this class of polymers can lead to a wide range of interesting rheological properties.     

Reactions with heterocyclic amidines. VI. Synthesis and chemistry of pyrazol-5-yl,and 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylhydrazonyl chlorides

The 4-bromo-3-phenylpyrazol-5-ylhydrazonyl chlorides (Ia,b) and 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylhydrazonyl chlorides (IIa,b) were prepared via coupling of diazotized 4-bromo-3-phenyl-5-aminopyrazole (III) and 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole (IV) with α-chloro derivatives of acetylacetone and of ethyl aceto-acetate. Compounds Ia and IIa,b were utilised for the synthesis of several new heterocyclic derivatives.     

Absorption spectra of 2-styryl-4-phenyl-thiazole ethiodides in organic solvents of varying polarities and determination of the formation constant of the charge transfer complex formed

The electronic absorption spectra of some 2-styryl-4-phenyl-thiazole ethiodides are studied in organic solvents of different polarities. The shorter wavelength band appearing in the visible region is assigned to an intramolecular charge transfer (CT)-transition originating from the phenyl moiety to the positively charged hetero ring, while the longer wavelength one is due to an intermolecular CT-transition from the iodide ion to the 2-styryl-4-phenyl-thiazolinium cation. These assignments are based on the nature of the aldehydic residue and effects of solvent, concentration, and temperature on both the position and absorptivity of the CT complex-band. It is concluded that the CT complex formed will be highly solvated inDMF, DMSO, ethanol and methanol relative to in CHCl₃, dioxane and acetone. The formation constant of the CT complex in solutions of different polarities is determined at different temperatures. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters H ^o, G ^o and S ^o for complex formation are calculated and discussed.

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Absorptionsspektren von 2-Styryl-4-phenyl-thiazol-ethiodiden in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und Bestimmung der Bildungskonstanten der Charge-Transfer-Komplexe

Zusammenfassung Die Elektronenanregungsspektren einiger substituierter 2-Styryl-4-phenyl-thiazol-ethiodide wurden in einigen Lösungsmitteln unterschiedlicher Polarität untersucht. Die Absorption bei kürzerer Wellenlänge wird einem intramolekularen Charge-Transfer (CT)-Übergang zugeordnet, die langwellige Bande einem intermolekularen CT-Übergang (Jodid—organ. Kation). Die Diskussion erfolgt basierend auf Substitutions-, Lösungsmittel-, Konzentrations-, und Temperatur-Effekten. Die Komplexbildungskonstanten und die thermodynamischen Parameter H ^o, G ^o und S ^o werden angegeben.

     

Electrocatalytic Reduction of H2O2 and Oxygen on the Surface of Thionin Incorporated onto MWCNTs Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode: Application to Glucose Detection

A new H₂O₂ enzymeless sensor has been fabricated by incorporation of thionin onto multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode. First 50 μL of acetone solution containing dispersed MWCNTs was pipetted onto the surface of GC electrode, then, after solvent evaporations, the MWCNTs modified GC electrode was immersed into an aqueous solution of thionin (electroless deposition) for a short period of time <5–50 s. The adsorbed thin film of thionin was found to facilitate the reduction of hydrogen peroxide in the absence of peroxidase enzyme. Also the modified electrode shows excellent catalytic activity for oxygen reduction at reduced overpotential. The rotating modified electrode shows excellent analytical performance for amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide, at reduced overpotentials. Typical calibration at ?0.3 V vs. reference electrode, Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl, shows a detection limit of 0.38 μM, a sensitivity of 11.5 nA/μM and a liner range from 20 μM to 3.0 mM of hydrogen peroxide. The glucose biosensor was fabricated by covering a thin film of sol–gel composite containing glucose oxides on the surface of thionin/MWCNTs modified GC electrode. The biosensor can be used successfully for selective detection of glucose based on the decreasing of cathodic peak current of oxygen. The detection limit, sensitivity and liner calibration rang were 1 μM, 18.3 μA/mM and 10 μM–6.0 mM, respectively. In addition biosensor can reach 90% of steady currents in about 3.0 s and interference effect of the electroactive existing species (ascorbic acid–uric acid and acetaminophen) is eliminated. The usefulness of biosensor for direct glucose quantification in human blood serum matrix is also discussed. This sensor can be used as an amperometric detector for monitoring oxidase based biosensors.     

Templating S100A9 amyloids on Aβ fibrillar surfaces revealed by charge detection mass spectrometry,microscopy, kinetic and microfluidic analyses

The mechanism of amyloid co-aggregation and its nucleation process are not fully understood in spite of extensive studies. Deciphering the interactions between proinflammatory S100A9 protein and Aβ₄₂ peptide in Alzheimer''s disease is fundamental since inflammation plays a central role in the disease onset. Here we use innovative charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) together with biophysical techniques to provide mechanistic insight into the co-aggregation process and differentiate amyloid complexes at a single particle level. Combination of mass and charge distributions of amyloids together with reconstruction of the differences between them and detailed microscopy reveals that co-aggregation involves templating of S100A9 fibrils on the surface of Aβ₄₂ amyloids. Kinetic analysis further corroborates that the surfaces available for the Aβ₄₂ secondary nucleation are diminished due to the coating by S100A9 amyloids, while the binding of S100A9 to Aβ₄₂ fibrils is validated by a microfluidic assay. We demonstrate that synergy between CDMS, microscopy, kinetic and microfluidic analyses opens new directions in interdisciplinary research.

Templating mechanism of S100A9 amyloids on Aβ fibrillar surfaces during amyloid co-aggregation process was revealed by synergy of biophysical methods including charge detection mass spectrometry, microscopy, kinetic and microfluidic analyses.     

Environmental radioactivity of soils and sediments: Egyptian sector of the Nile valley

The activity concentrations of natural ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U in 89 soil and 84 sediment samples collected over the entire Egyptian Nile River basin including the Nile delta are reported based on the results of epithermal neutron activation analysis. The average activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U equal to 15.3?±?6.6, 15.6?±?11.1 and 220?±?31 Bq/kg, respectively, are significantly lower than those reported for the Upper Continental Crust, World Average Sediments as well as World Average Soils, suggesting the presence of a considerable portion of mafic material, most probably originating from the Ethiopian High Plateau. Their average activity concentrations are statistically the same in soil and sediments, indicating that the Nile sediments and soil material are of the same origin. The main goal of this study was not only to estimate the radiological hazards but also to show the influence of sedimentary material transportable by the Blue Nile from the Ethiopian High Plateau. The different hazard indices like the radium equivalent, gamma index, external hazard as well as the internal hazard show a low radiological exposure either on direct contact or if local mud bricks are used in the construction of dwellings.