A Comprehensive Review on Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytosterols in Insulin Resistance: A Mechanistic Approach

Natural products in the form of functional foods have become increasingly popular due to their protective effects against life-threatening diseases, low risk of adverse effects, affordability, and accessibility. Plant components such as phytosterol, in particular, have drawn a lot of press recently due to a link between their consumption and a modest incidence of global problems, such as Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the management of diet-related metabolic diseases, such as T2DM and cardiovascular disorders, these plant-based functional foods and nutritional supplements have unquestionably led the market in terms of cost-effectiveness, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder categoriszed by high blood sugar and insulin resistance, which influence major metabolic organs, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. These chronic hyperglycemia fallouts result in decreased glucose consumption by body cells, increased fat mobilisation from fat storage cells, and protein depletion in human tissues, keeping the tissues in a state of crisis. In addition, functional foods such as phytosterols improve the body’s healing process from these crises by promoting a proper physiological metabolism and cellular activities. They are plant-derived steroid molecules having structure and function similar to cholesterol, which is found in vegetables, grains, nuts, olive oil, wood pulp, legumes, cereals, and leaves, and are abundant in nature, along with phytosterol derivatives. The most copious phytosterols seen in the human diet are sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, which can be found in free form, as fatty acid/cinnamic acid esters or as glycosides processed by pancreatic enzymes. Accumulating evidence reveals that phytosterols and diets enriched with them can control glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin resistance. Despite this, few studies on the advantages of sterol control in diabetes care have been published. As a basis, the primary objective of this review is to convey extensive updated information on the possibility of managing diabetes and associated complications with sterol-rich foods in molecular aspects.     

三例基于5-(二甲基氨基)间苯二甲酸的锌(Ⅱ)/铜(Ⅱ)配合物的合成、晶体结构、Hirshfeld表面分析和荧光性质

利用配体 5-(二甲基氨基)间苯二甲酸(H₂dia)和咪唑(mdz)分别与锌(Ⅱ)和铜(Ⅱ)金属盐反应,制备了 3 例过渡金属配合物[Zn(dia)(mdz)₂]·2H₂O (1)、[Cu(dia)(mdz)₂(DMF)] (2)和[Cu(dia)(mdz)₂]·H₂O (3)。利用单晶 X射线衍射、元素分析、红外光谱、热重和Hirshfeld表面分析对其进行了结构表征。结果表明配合物1和2为一维线状链,1中每个四配位的Zn(Ⅱ)处于变形四面体中心,2中Cu(Ⅱ)中心拥有五配位的三角双锥几何构型。改变合成溶剂条件得到锯齿形一维链状配合物3,其四配位Cu(Ⅱ)中心展现出对称平面四边形构型。上述结果说明,金属离子几何构型以及合成溶剂可能对配合物结构具有重要影响。丰富的分子间氢键帮助3例配合物形成稳定的三维超分子结构。热重分析表明,3例配合物均具有良好的热稳定性。固体荧光分析表明配合物1具有较强荧光性,而配合物2和3荧光强度均远低于配体。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱联用技术分析混合气体中微量氢

制备钯-5A分子筛萃取头,使用固相微萃取-气相色谱联用技术,建立了对混合气体中微量氢气的分析方法.实验结果表明,含氢浓度在0.0011~0.1250 mL/L范围内,具有良好线性关系,检出限为9×10-4mL/L.此方法和气相色谱法比较,有更高的灵敏度和更少的干扰,2种方法的标准偏差为8.7%.     

DMFC两相流及其对传质影响的研究

采用自制的实验系统对液态进料直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)阳极交叉指状流道内的两相况功特性进行了可视化实验研究.自制的DMFC单电池带有透明窗口,采用镀金的不锈钢阴极极板和透明的聚碳酸脂阳极流场板,电解质为Nafion117膜.实验过程中燃料电池的进口总管和出口总管是水平的,进口流道和出口流道是竖直的.实验发现,出口流道中典型的两相流流型是泡状流、而出口总管中的典型流型是弹状流.进口流道中的气弹和气柱导致了阳极传质恶化.     

歧管式微通道流动特性的研究

岐管式微通道(MMC)热沉具有热阻小、结构紧凑、冷却液流量小、流速低、沿流动方向温度分布均匀等优点.本文针对以去离子水为介质的岐管式微通道(宽W=100 μm,深H=300 μm)的流动特性进行了实验研究,实验的雷诺数范围为5O～3500.结果表明工质在微通道内流态由层流向紊流转变的临界雷诺数提前,此外数值模拟结果与实验值也吻合较好.最后在实验基础上,拟合出工质在层流和紊流下的流动阻力经验关联式.     

污垢热阻动态监测装置及其传热计算方法的研究

介绍了污垢热阻动态监测装置的构成及特点.根据传热学基本原理,对该套装置进行了光滑管对流换热性能测试,结果表明两侧流体热平衡最大偏差小于10%,实验结果与经验公式计算的Nu数相吻合,其最大偏差小于l0%.用该装置进行换热表面污垢的动态自动监测,可以得出准确可靠的实验结果.     

催化动力学光度法间接测定水中痕量硫离子

在氨水介质中,硫离子可阻抑Fe(Ⅲ)催化过氧化氢氧化二甲酚橙褪色,并且催化体系和阻抑体系在570 nm处吸光度的差值与硫离子浓度呈线性关系,据此建立了阻抑动力学光度法间接测定痕量硫离子的新方法。方法的线性范围为0.0020~0.044mg/L,检出限为1.6×10-9g/mL,对0.040 mg/L硫离子进行10次平行测定的相对标准偏差为2.1%。方法用于废水中硫离子的测定,结果满意。     

罗汉果水提取物的高效液相色谱分离研究

采用超声强化水提取法进行样品前处理,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对罗汉果水提取物进行分离,用罗汉果苷Ⅴ作为参照物进行指标成分峰的定位,以建立全面评价罗汉果质量的方法。实验比较了水-甲醇、冰乙酸水溶液-甲醇、磷酸水溶液-甲酸、水-乙腈、磷酸水溶液-乙腈、三氟乙酸水溶液-乙腈6种体系的等度、梯度洗脱效果。结果表明:在上述6种流动相体系中,以三氟乙酸水溶液-乙腈的洗脱效果最好,色谱条件:梯度洗脱、Sinochrom ODS-BP柱、检测波长为205 nm,流速0.8 mL/min,柱温25℃。采用本法得到的分离度和重现性均较好。     

多壁碳纳米管修饰电极同时测定维生素B2、B6、B12和维生素C

制备了多壁碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极(MWNT/GCE),研究了维生素B2、B6、B12和维生素C共存时在该电极上的电化学行为.实验发现,在HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液中,该电极可同时测定以上四种维生素,线性范围分别为1.0×10-6～1.0×10-4 mol/L、5.0×10-5～2.0×10-3 mol/L、5.0×10-5～7.5×10-4 mol/L和5.0×10-5～2.0×10-3 mol/L,其检出限分别为7.0×10-7 mol/L、1.0×10-5 mol/L、2.5×10-5 mol/L和5.0×10-6 mol/L.样品分析的RSD分别为1.66%、1.71%、2.26%和1.46%.方法简便快捷,可用于四种维生素同时分析测定.     

新型PES微孔材料的制备及性能研究

合成了新型双烯丙基聚醚砜(PES), 采用超临界CO2作为物理发泡试剂制备微孔材料, 研究了不同发泡温度、饱和压力、发泡时间和放气时间等因素对微孔形貌的影响. 结果表明, 发泡温度在110~170 ℃之间, 随着温度的升高, 泡孔直径增加, 泡孔密度在140 ℃达到一个最大值; 随着饱和压力的升高, 泡孔直径减小, 泡孔密度增大; 发泡时间和放气时间对微孔直径和密度影响不大; 研究了在不同辐照剂量下微孔材料的交联性能, 结果表明, 在600 kGy辐照剂量以下, 交联效果不明显, 在800 kGy以上, 随着辐照剂量的增大, 凝胶含量增加, 辐照后的样品在265 ℃热处理10 min, 仍能保持完好的微孔结构.