Trap centers in Au-implanted MOS structures

Trap centers in the Si-SiO₂ interface region of MOS structures doped by ion implantation of gold have been investigated using constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy (CC-DLTS). Gold doses of 10¹²–3 × 10¹³ cm^–2 were implanted into the back surface of the wafers and were then redistributed during a diffusion anneal for 30 min at 1100° or 900° C. Three Au-related trap levels have been observed in the interface region, which were attributed to the Au-donor (E _v +0.35 eV), the Au-acceptor (E _v +0.53 eV), and the Au-Fe complex (E _v +0.45 eV). The trap concentration profiles show that the Si-SiO₂ interface affects the Au concentration in a depth range of 1 m from the interface and that gettering of Au occurs at the interface. The interface state density is independent of the Au concentration at the interface even for concentrations of 10¹⁵ cm^–3.     

Anion substitution effects on structure and magnetism in the chromium chalcogenide Cr5Te8—Part I: Cluster glass behavior in trigonal Cr(1+x)Q2 with basic cell (Q=Te, Se; Te:Se=7:1)

The effect of substitution of the anion Te by Se in non-stoichiometric Cr₅Te₈ has been investigated with respect to its crystal structure, magnetic properties, and electronic structure. The compounds Cr_(1+x)Q₂ (Q=Te, Se; Te:Se=7:1; (1+x)=1.234(6), 1.264(6), 1.300(7)) were synthesized at elevated temperatures followed by quenching the samples to room temperature. The crystal structures have been refined with X-ray powder diffraction data with the Rietveld method in the trigonal space group with lattice parameters a=3.8651(1)-3.8831(1) Å and c=5.9917(2)-6.0528(2) Å. The structure is related to the NiAs structure with full and deficient metal layers stacking alternatively along the c-axis. The irreversibility in the field-cooled/zero-field-cooled magnetization suggests that the substitution effects of one Te by one Se is strong enough to cause cluster-glass behavior, from ferromagnetic Cr₅Te₈ to cluster-glass Cr_(1+x)Q₂. Non-saturation magnetizations at 5.5 T and the magnetic relaxation results further support the existence of cluster-glass behavior. Accompanying SPR-KKR (spin-polarized relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker) band structure calculations strongly support the observation that the Cr(1) sites are preferentially occupied by Cr atoms and predict that these compounds are metallic. Results for the spin-resolved DOS and magnetic moments on each crystallographic sites are presented.     

Progress in multi-ion counting spark-source mass spectrometry (MIC-SSMS) for the analysis of geological samples

Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) has experienced important and significant improvements in nearly all analytical features by the use of a multiple ion counting (MIC) system. Two procedures have recently been developed to further increase the analytical capabilities of MIC-SSMS in geochemistry. These are a mathematical correction of interferences, which is often necessary for the ultra trace element analysis of Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and Y, and the development of an autospark system to hold the total ion beam constant. New analytical data for geological samples, especially international reference materials, are presented using the improved MIC-SSMS technique. The data set consists of high precision and low abundance data for Zr, Nb and Y in depleted reference materials. The MIC-SSMS results are compared with those of conventional SSMS using photoplates for ion detection. The precision of the MIC-SSMS isotope ratio measurements (about 1%) is more than a factor of 3 better than that of conventional SSMS, as demonstrated by analyses of Hawaiian samples. Total uncertainties of MIC-SSMS concentration data including all sources of error are generally between 2 and 5% for concentrations higher than about 0.3 microg/g and about 10% for trace element abundances in the ng/g range.     

Hydroxidgruppen an Zeolithen. III. Eigenschaften von Hydroxidgruppen an ZnNaY-, CuNaY-, NiNaY- und CrNaY-Zeolithen

Hydroxide Groups on Zeolites. III. Properties of Hydroxide Groups on ZnNaY, CuNaY, NiNaY, and CrNaY Zeolites The properties of hydroxide groups in dependence on the degree of exchange were studied by IR spectroscopy of ZnNaY, CuNaY, NiNaY, and CrNaY zeolites. Five kinds of hydroxide groups occur on these zeolites: Hydroxid groups limiting the lattice, 3 kinds of structural hydroxide groups, and MeOH⁺ groups. These are the same kinds of hydroxide groups as exist on alkaline earths-Y-zeolites. Some of the OH groups act as acid Brönsted centers. The number of acid Brönsted centers reaches maximum values at degrees of exchange of 40–50% after a pretreatment at 300–400°C. The zeolitic structure is partially destroyed in ZnNaY, CuNaY, and especially CrNaY, at high degree of exchange.     

Multiparametric microsensor chips for screening applications

The identification of drug targets for pharmaceutical screening can be greatly accelerated by gene databases and expression studies. The identification of leading compounds from growing libraries is realized by high throughput screening platforms. Subsequently, for optimization and validation of identified leading compounds studies of their functionality have to be carried out, and just these functionality tests are a limiting factor. A rigorous preselection of identified compounds by in vitro cellular screening is necessary prior to using the drug candidates for the further time consuming and expensive stage, e.g. in animal models. Our efforts are focused to the parallel development, adaptation and integration of different microelectronic sensors into miniaturized biochips for a multiparametric, functional on-line analysis of living cells in physiologically environments. Parallel and on-line acquisition of data related to different cellular targets is required for advanced stages of drug screening and for economizing animal tests.     

Direct determination of calcium,copper, iron,magnesium, manganese and zinc in amniotic fluid samples using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

An inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric method is reported for the determination of calcium, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium and zinc. Samples are introduced directly when a sheath gas device is used. An external calibration procedure is used. The standards are prepared in a matrix composed of 0.5% (w/v) albumin and 0.76% (w/v) sodium chloride. The procedure was evaluated with a standard reference material (NBS SRM 909 Human Serum); all the values obtained are in agreement with the certified values. Results obtained for the determination of zinc, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and manganese in amniotic fluid samples are reported.     

Untersuchungen an oxidischen Katalysatoren. XXIX. Spektroskopische und katalytische Untersuchungen an Ni2+-, Co2+-, Cr3+- und Cu2+-ausgetauschten Mordeniten

Studies on Oxide Catalysts. XXIX. Spectroscopic and Catalytic Investigations on Ni²⁺-, Co²⁺-, Cr³⁺-, and Cu²⁺-exchanged Mordenites NiNaM, CoNaM, CrNaM und CuNaM (M = Mordenite) have been characterized by UV-VIS, EPR and i.r. spectroscopy and the results were compared with the catalytic activity and the activity-time-dependence in the cracking of n-octane and with the shape selectivity in the cracking of a n-octane and isooctane mixture. Water molecules acting as ligands of the exchanged cations are able to dissociate yielding Brönsted acidity. Brönsted sites may be regarded as catalytic active centers in the cracking reaction. Unreduced transition metal cations facilitate the “coking” of the mordenite. The unreduced chromium and cobalt cations for which a position within the main channel is expected, affect the diffusion of the branched paraffin molecule thus increasing shape selectivity.     

Parametrization of multiply differential cross sections

Multiply differential cross sections for two- and three-electron escape are parametrised in terms of generalised tensorial asymmetry parameters. The analysis is based exclusivly on rotational invariance as an exact symmetry for the experimental set up. No approximate assumptions are made on the correlated dynamics of many- electron systems. Results are valid for any atomic and molecular target. The new parameters may be used to describe experimental and theoretical data in a compact way, but also to link e.g. coincidence and non-coincidence measurements with each other.     

Methoden zur Identifizierung, Anreicherung und Charakterisierung genetisch bedingter Acylcholin-Acyl-Hydrolase-Varianten (E.C. 3.1.1.8.)

Zusammenfassung Es werden verschiedene Methoden zur Differenzierung genetisch bedingter Enzymvarianten der Pseudocholinesterase (spektrophotometrischer Test, Agar-Diffusionstest, Säulenchromatographie), Versuche zur Charakterisierung der verschiedenen Enzymproteine und der in der Stärkegelelektrophorese auftretenden vier Enzymfraktionen mitgeteilt. Ein Reinigungsverfahren für die Pseudocholinesterase wurde ausgearbeitet; nach der Immunisierung von Kaninchen mit dem angereicherten Enzymprotein wurden mit dem gewonnenen Antiserum immunchemische Versuche durchgeführt.

---

Summary Methods are reported for the differentiation and characterisation of genetically determined enzyme variants and the enzyme fractions occuring in starch-gel electrophoresis of pseudocholinesterase (spectrophotometrical assays, agar diffusion test, column chromatography). A method has been developed to purify the pseudocholinesterase. Rabbits were immunized against a purified enzyme protein. Results of these immuno-chemical assays are given.

---

---

Die in der Literatur am häufigsten zu findende Bezeichnung Pseudocholinesterase wird hier verwendet.

---

Wir danken der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, dem Bundesministerium für Wissenschaftliche Forschung und dem Fonds der Chemischen Industrie für ihre Unterstützung.     

Quantitative validation of different protein precipitation methods in proteome analysis of blood platelets

For the preparation of proteins for proteome analysis, precipitation is frequently used to concentrate proteins and to remove interfering compounds. Various methods for protein precipitation are applied, which rely on different chemical principles. This study compares the changes in the protein composition of human blood platelet extracts after precipitation with ethanol (EtOH) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Both methods yielded the same amount of proteins from the platelet preparations. However, the EtOH-precipitated samples had to be dialyzed because of the considerable salt content. To characterize single platelet proteins, samples were analyzed by two-dimensional fluorescence differential gel electrophoresis. More than 90% of all the spots were equally present in the EtOH- and TCA-precipitated samples. However, both precipitation methods showed a smaller correlation with nonprecipitated samples (EtOH 74.9%, TCA 79.2%). Several proteins were either reduced or relatively enriched in the precipitated samples. The proteins varied randomly in molecular weight and isoelectric point. This study shows that protein precipitation leads to specific changes in the protein composition of proteomics samples. This depends more on the specific structure of the protein than on the precipitating agent used in the experiment.