Synthesis and Molecular Structures of Pyridine-Containing Large-Membered Cyclic Bis(alkoxy)silanes(1)

The new cyclic silanes [(C(5)H(3)N)(CH(2)O)(2)SiMe(2)](2) (1) and (C(5)H(3)N)(CH(2)CPh(2)O)(2)SiMe(2) (2) containing 16-membered and 10-membered rings, respectively, were prepared by the condensation reaction of Me(2)SiCl(2) with an appropriate pyridine diol in the presence of Et(3)N. X-ray studies show that the dimeric formulation for 1 represents a tetracoordinate cyclic silane, whereas 2 has a geometry halfway from a tetrahedron toward a trigonal bipyramid (TBP) as a result of Si-N(ax) donor action. (29)Si and (1)H NMR indicate retention of the coordination geometry for 2 in solution that undergoes rapid Si-N cleavage and ring rearrangement. In comparison with other silanes containing five- and six-membered rings that exhibit nitrogen or oxygen coordination, the presence of larger rings, as in 2 and related silanes having sulfur coordination, indicates that retention of donor action persists, thus largely ruling out ring size as a dominant factor controlling the possibility of donor action at silicon. The dimeric silane 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; with a = 6.347(3) ?, b = 12.455(4) ?, c = 14.289(5) ?, alpha = 101.63(3) degrees, beta = 102.99(3) degrees, gamma = 104.71(3) degrees, and Z = 2. The cyclic silane 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; with a = 9.733(4) ?, b = 10.938(2) ?, c = 14.312(3) ?, alpha = 89.03(2) degrees, beta = 74.59(3) degrees, gamma = 79.24(3) degrees, and Z = 2. The final conventional unweighted residuals are 0.040 (1) and 0.039 (2).     

The role of charge-site location in fragmenting ions. 1—[CH3 CHXCOOCH3]+˙ and [CH2XCH2 COOCH3]+˙ ions and the structures of daughter ions derived from the loss of X (X = I,Br, Cl and CH3)

The structures of the m/z 87, [C₄H₇O₂]⁺, ions generated by dissociative ionization of CH₃CGXCOOCH₃ and XCH₂CH₂COOCH₃ (X = CH₃, Cl, Br, and I) have been investigated via their unimolecular and collisionally activated fragmentations and by apperance energy measurements. For both precursors loss of X = CH₃ produced, via H atom transfer, ions of structure \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm CH_2 = CH}\mathop {\rm C}\limits^{\rm + } \left({{\rm OH}} \right){\rm OCH}_{\rm 3} $\end{document} (a), ΔH_f = 386 kj mol^?1. In marked contrast, loss of I^˙ from ionized CH₃CHICOOCH₃ and ICH₂CH₂COOCH₃ proceeded without rearrangement to yield respectively ions of structure \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm CH_3}\mathop {\rm C}\limits^{\rm + } {{\rm HCOOCH_3}} $\end{document} (b), ΔH_f = 480 kJ mol^?1 and (c), ΔH_f = 450 kJ mol^?1. These different fragmentation behaviours are explained via photoelectron spectra which show that the formal charge site in the precursor ion is at the carbonyl oxygen when X = CH₃ but at the halogen atom when X = I. The precursor molecules X = Cl and Br display both of the above characteristics, CH₃CHXCOOCH₃ yielding mixtures of a and b and XCH₂CH₂COOCH₃ producing a and c ions.     

[C7H7] radicals studied by neutralization reionization mass spectrometry; the ortho-tolyl to benzyl radical rearrangement

The collision-induced dissociation characteristics of the benzyl, tropyl and tolyl cations which serve to identify these [C₇H₇]⁺ isomers (the m/z 74–77 relative abundances) were not preserved in their neutralization-reionization (NR) mass spectra. However, analyses of mixtures of the [C₇H₇]⁺ isomers made by comparison of NR mass spectra gave similar results to those obtained from collisional activation (CA) mass spectra. The radicals produced by electron transfer from Xe to tolyl cations were not observed to rearrange to benzyl radicals on the time-scale of the NR experiment, a result in conflict with other gas-phase studies.     

THE FUNCTION OF PHYTOCHROME IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT—III. MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF PHYTOCHROME PHOTOEQUILIBRIA

Abstract— Phytochrome photoequilibria have been measured in dark-grown Phaseolus uulgaris L . and Cucurbita pepo I . hypocotyl hooks which had been exposed to various natural and artificial radiation sources. Mean phytochrome photoequilibria ( φ ) varied from 0.20 within a wheat canopy to 0.54 above, although lower values were occasionally observed in densely shaded areas. Greater variation in phyto chrome photoequilibria and lower levels of P_fr were recorded within a sugar beet canopy. The range of photoequilibria was φ= 0.04 in dense shade to φ= 0.54 above the canopy. Photoequilibrium was achieved within 5 s in mid-day sunlight and approximately 30 s in dense canopy shade.
A close correlation was found between φ and the ratio of the quantum flux in the red and far-red wavelength bands (ζ) in broad spectrum (400–800 nm) radiation. This relationship allows direct prediction of φ from a knowledge of ζ. Phytochrome showed greatest sensitivity to spectral changes in the range ζ= zero to ζ= 1.0, which is the range found in the natural environment.
The observations provide support for the hypothesis that phytochrome is involved in the detection of shading by plants.     

The application of symbolic computing to chemical kinetic reaction schemes

Given a reaction mechanism we show how a symbolic computation approach can be used to develop the kinetic equations by identifying the reaction scheme with an equivalent matrix. Our method is also applicable in cases where the stoichiometric matrix approach fails. The specific algorithm that is written applies to schemes where individual reactions are at most ternary, but the way to generalize the procedure is also discussed. By using symbolic computing it is possible to determine general properties of the system. We demonstrate this by showing how to use the matrix to determine the system's conservation laws, which in turn can be used to reduce the number of equations in the system. As another application it is shown how to determine some of the species which have a zero equilibrium state. To illustrate the procedure, example reaction schemes are investigated.     

Ultraviolet protection factors for clothing: an intercomparison of measurement systems

In recent years the need to standardize measurement protocols for quantifying the degree of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protection provided by clothing has led to the introduction of a number of standards around the world. To date, these standards have specified spectral measurements of UVR transmission by clothing and fabrics. Development of a standard test method has become an important part of the testing process, and this article presents results from an intercomparison involving 10 independent testing laboratories and 11 different UVR transmission measurement instruments. In addition to comparing the measured ultraviolet protection factors (UPF), this intercomparison also incorporates detailed scan results from all 10 laboratories and highlights differences in performance of the various instruments in different wavelength regions. Careful examination of these differences can indicate where changes to the systems could be made to allow improvements both in equipment performance and in agreement of the final results. The variability in the measurements of UPF in this study suggest that the protection categories in standards may need to be broadened.