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31.
In this paper the effects of surface roughness and annealing temperature (T) of latex coating films on adhesion are discussed for the different stages of the film formation process. The surface free energy of latex films was assessed in terms of practical work of adhesion (W) (or adherence) using a custom-built adhesion-testing device (ATD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. For preannealed latex films surface roughness averages (Ra) were determined from AFM height images and were related to the values of W obtained from ATD measurements at room temperature. The results obtained using these tests exhibiting surface behavior on different length scales indicate a dependence of the measured adhesion on surface roughness and temperature, as well as on the length scale of the measurements.First preannealed samples were studied, which were obtained by heat treatment above the respective glass transition temperatures (Tg). Increasing the temperature of preannealing resulted in a decrease of the adherence observed in ATD experiments at room temperature. However, on the nanoscale, using AFM, no significant variation of the adherence was observed. This observation can be explained by roughness arguments. Preannealing decreases roughness which results in lower adherence values measured by ATD while for essentially single asperity AFM experiments roughness has an insignificant effect. Specimens were also annealed over a constant period of time (90 min) at different temperatures. At the end of the heat treatment, adhesion was measured at the treatment temperature by ATD. The amplified effect of temperature observed in this case on adherence is attributed to the combination of roughness decrease and increasing test temperature. In a third set of experiments completely annealed samples were studied by ATD as well as by AFM as a function of temperature. With increasing T values ATD showed a decrease in adherence, which is attributed to a decreasing surface free energy of the annealed films at elevated T values. AFM, on the other hand, showed an opposite trend which is assigned to increasing penetration of the tip into the tip/wetting polymer samples versus increasing temperature. Finally, annealing isotherms as a function of time were investigated by ATD in situ at different temperatures. This last set of experiments allowed us to optimize annealing time and temperature to achieve complete curing. 相似文献
32.
A current interpretation of XPS spectra of Ni metal assumes that the main 6 eV satellite is due to a two hole c3d94s2 (c is a core hole) final state effect. We report REELS observation in AES at low voltages of losses (plasmons and inter-band transitions) corresponding to the satellite structures in Ni metal 2p spectra. The satellite near 6 eV is attributed to a predominant surface plasmon loss. A current interpretation of Ni 2p spectra of oxides and other compounds is based on charge transfer assignments of the main peak at 854.6 eV and the broad satellite centred at around 861 eV to the cd9L and the unscreened cd8 final-state configurations, respectively (L is a ligand hole). Multiplet splittings have been shown to be necessary for assignment of Fe 2p and Cr 2p spectral profiles and chemical states. The assignments of Ni 2p states are re-examined with intra-atomic multiplet envelopes applied to Ni(OH)2, NiOOH and NiO spectra. It is shown that the free ion multiplet envelopes for Ni2+ and Ni3+ simulate the main line and satellite structures for Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH. Fitting the NiO Ni 2p spectral profile is not as straightforward as the hydroxide and oxyhydroxide. It may involve contributions from inter-atomic, non-local electronic coupling and screening effects with multiplet structures significantly different from the free ions as found for MnO. A scheme for fitting these spectra using multiplet envelopes is proposed. 相似文献
33.
Roland A. Fischer Heinz-Josef Kneuper Wolfgang A. Hermann 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》1987,330(3):365-376
Hydrogenchalcogenido complexes of general composition (η5-C5R5)(CO)3M(EH) (R = H, CH3; M = Cr, Mo, W; E = S, Se) can be obtained by three different routes, sometimes in quite good yields. Thus, the sulfur and selenium derivatives can be synthesized by insertion of the respective elements into the metal-hydrogen bonds of the precursor compounds (η5-C5R5)(CO)3MH. This species also reacts with potassium selenocyanate to yield the hydrogenselenido derivatives (η5-C5R5)(CO)3M(SeH) which can also be obtained by treatment of the methyl complexes (η5-C5R5)(CO)3M(CH3 (M = Mo, W) with HBF4 and Li[SeH]. The corresponding hydrogentellurido compounds are probably formed by these preparative methods but appear to be quickly converted into either the dinuclear tellurium bridge products (μ-Te)[(η5-C5R5)(CO)3M]2 (M = Mo) or into the hydrido complexes (η5-C5R5)(CO)3MH (M= Mo, W) by release of elemental tellurium. 相似文献
34.
35.
Mark Israelit 《Foundations of Physics》2002,32(6):945-961
A spatially closed universe undergoing at present accelerated expansion, having a non-vanishing cosmological constant, and filled with luminous- and dark matter is described in terms of the Integrable Weyl–Dirac theory. It is shown that, during the dust-dominated period, dark matter and the quintessence pressure, the latter giving rise to acceleration: both are created by the Dirac gauge function. The behavior of two models: a nearly flat one and a well closed are considered in appropriate gauges, and plausible scenarios are obtained. The outcome of the present paper, together with results of a previous work,(31) provide a geometrically based, classical, singularity-free model of the universe, that has originated from a pure geometric Weyl–Dirac entity, passed a prematter period, the radiation-dominated era, and continues its development in the present dust period. 相似文献
36.
Mark L. Lewis 《Algebras and Representation Theory》2002,5(3):277-304
Let G be a solvable group with five character degrees. Suppose that there is some prime p so that G/O
p
(G) is not Abelian. Also, assume that cd(G) contains a degree that is not divisible by p. Under these hypotheses, we show that the derived length of G is at most 4. 相似文献
37.
38.
In an exterior domain Ω??n, n ? 2, we consider the generalized Stokes resolvent problem in Lq-space where the divergence g = div u and inhomogeneous boundary values u = ψ with zero flux ∫?Ωψ·N do = 0 may be prescribed. A crucial step in our approach is to find and to analyse the right space for the divergence g. We prove existence, uniqueness and a priori estimates of the solution and get new results for the divergence problem. Further, we consider the non-stationary Stokes system with non-homogeneous divergence and boundary values and prove estimates of the solution in L5(0, T;Lq(Ω)) for 1 < s, q < ∞. 相似文献
39.
40.