A theory of measurement with applications to spectrometry

An analytic function operating on experimental data is optimized for making the most accurate measurement of a parameter of the expected data, under the conditions of non-stationary shot noise. The value of the parameter is obtained by equating the operation on experimental data with the same operation on the expected data which contains the parameter as an unknown value. If the operation is represented by a weighting function, the form of the optimum weighting function depends on the initial transformation of the experimental data by the measuring instrument. The optimum weighting function always contains the derivative of the expected signal with respect to the unknown parameter, divided by the time-dependent variance of the received signal. Weighting functions for the logarithmic output of a spectrophotometer are described. The superiority over least-squares curve-matching is shown. A method for determination of peak position by optimum slope measurement is derived. In general, the optimum weighting function is not a matched filter. The optimum result is the same for center-of-gravity measurements. The optimum parameter measurement is equivalent to a least-squares error minimization weighted by the inverse variance or mean-square noise level. This variance weighting is significant in photometric measurements limited by shot noise or other measurements described by Poisson statistics, such that the mean-square noise level varies with time. The form of the optimum filter, for non-white, non-stationary noise is derived.     

Increased dimensionalities of zinc-diphenic acid coordination polymers by simultaneous or subsequent addition of neutral bridging ligands

Three coordination polymers containing zinc and diphenic acid (H2dpa) were synthesised by solvothermal reaction. Zn(dpa)(H2O) is a one-dimensional coordination polymer that consists of parallel ladder-like chains. One carboxylate group of the diphenic acid coordinates two zinc atoms forming a dinuclear unit which composes the steps of the ladder. The other carboxylate connects to a zinc atom in the next step of the ladder. The fourth coordination site at the zinc atom is occupied by water. Attempts to crosslink the chains by replacing the water molecule with the neutral ligands triethylenediamine (dabco) or 4,4'-bipyridyl lead to the compounds Zn2(dpa)2(dabco) and Zn(dpa)(4,4'-bpy). Their structures can be rationalised as being derived from action of the neutral ligand on Zn(dpa)(H2O), and while they are most conveniently prepared in a one-pot synthesis, it is also possible to obtain them by exposing Zn(dpa)(H2O) to the respective neutral ligand. Zn2(dpa)2(dabco) is a layered two-dimensional coordination polymer in which dinculear zinc carboxylate paddle wheel units and the dabco ligand form infinite linear chains. The chains are interconnected by the dpa unit. The structure of Zn(dpa)(4,4'-bpy) consists of two identical interpenetrating three-dimensional networks. In the network, helical Zn(dpa) chains are interconnected by the rigid 4,4'-bipyridine ligand. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates a high thermal stability of this coordination polymer with decomposition occurring in the range 350-450 degrees C. This is complemented by X-ray thermodiffractometry that indicates a phase transition at 337 degrees C and the final loss of crystallinity at 427 degrees C. The room temperature phase expands drastically along one axis and contracts along the other two axes on heating.     

Growth of iron cobalt oxides by atomic layer deposition

Thin films of iron cobalt oxides with spinel-type structure are made by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique using Fe(thd)3 (Hthd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione), Co(thd)2, and ozone as precursors. Pulse parameters for ALD-type growth are established and such growth can be achieved at deposition temperatures between 185 and 310 degrees C. Films have been deposited on amorphous soda-lime glass and single-crystalline substrates of Si(100), MgO(100), and alpha-Al2O3(001) which all provide crystalline films, but with various orientations and crystallite sizes. Application of an external magnetic field during the film growth does not influence film growth characteristics (growth rate, crystallinity, topography etc.). Magnetization data are reported for phase-pure films of spinel-type structure with composition Fe2CoO4.     

Amine functionalised metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as adsorbents for carbon dioxide

Three different porous metal organic framework (MOF) materials have been prepared with and without uncoordinated amine functionalities inside the pores. The materials have been characterized and tested as adsorbents for carbon dioxide. At 298 K the materials adsorb significant amount of carbon dioxide, the amine functionalised adsorbents having the highest CO₂ adsorption capacities, the best adsorbing around 14 wt% CO₂ at 1.0 atm CO₂ pressure. At 25 atm CO₂ pressure, up to 60 wt% CO₂ can be adsorbed. At high pressures the CO₂ uptake is mostly dependent on the available surface area and pore volume of the material in question. For one of the iso-structural MOF pairs the introduction of amine functionality increases the differential adsorption enthalpy (from isosteric method) from 30 to around 50 kJ/mole at low CO₂ pressures, while the adsorption enthalpies reach the same level at increase pressures. The high pressure experimental results indicate that MOF based solid adsorbents can have a potential for use in pressure swing adsorption of carbon dioxide at elevated pressures.     

帕隆藏布流域堆积体边坡的工程地质特征及稳定性评价

位于藏东南的帕隆藏布流域,处在东喜马拉雅构造结的北缘,是新构造强烈隆升区,断层、褶皱等地质构造发育。在青藏高原隆升及气候变化等内外动力作用下,研究区内堆积体分布广泛,具有独特的工程地质特征并成为该区内地质灾害的主要物源。由于河流的下切及川藏公路的修建,形成了许多高陡的堆积体边坡,以冰碛边坡最为典型。由于其特殊的物源特征及形成过程,冰碛物具有粒度分布范围广、粗粒含量多等与其他沉积物不同的粒度特征。冰碛物粒度分布范围广的特征,导致随着研究尺度的不同,其结构特征也不相同,具有明显的尺度效应。冰碛土的力学强度一般强于其他堆积体,但受不同粒径颗粒的含量及分布、形成时代的影响,其力学特征也有所差异。作者对川藏公路沿线部分典型的剖面进行了量测,所量测的剖面虽然只是整个斜坡的一部分,与经验数据相比,仍表现出高陡的特征,而且很多边坡在既高且陡的形态下仍能保持稳定。本文以极限平衡理论为基础,采用多种方法对这类边坡的稳定性进行计算分析,求出边坡的安全系数。考虑各种地震烈度下边坡的稳定性,得出这些边坡的安全系数与地震加速度具有严格的指数相关关系。     

Extrathermodynamic approach to the study of the adsorption of organic compounds by macromolecules

By using substituent constants and regression analysis, an analysis has been made of the binding of derivatives of aniline and acetanilide to nylon and rayon, the experimental data of Ward and Upchurch being used. The amount of organic compounds bound from an aqueous solution by these two types of synthetic macromolecules is shown to be related to the octanol–water partition coefficients P. In the case of the aniline derivatives, where the basicity of the compounds varied considerably, a good model describing binding results from the linear combination of the two parameters related to free energy, i.e., log P and ΔpK_a. The latter term is the difference between pK_a for aniline and a particular derivative. For the neutral acetanilides a simple linear free-energy relation between log P and log K is found. Of special note is the fact that the dependence of binding of these two classes of compounds to two classes of synthetic macromolecules as indicated by the coefficient with the log P term very closely parallels that found for a variety of biopolymers. The mechanism of hydrophobic binding seems to be the same in both the synthetic and natural polymers.     

Structural and magnetic properties of Mn1−tTitAs

The pseudo-binary TiAsMnAs system has been investigated by X-ray and neutron diffraction as well as magnetic measurements (including high fields and applied pressures). The phase diagram is dominated by the NiAs type structure, which prevails up to a miscibility gap at t ≈ 0 95, in a ferro- or in a paramagnetic state Two separate domains of the MnP type structure, a paramagnetic state above T_c and a metastable helimagnetic state at low temperature, are observed for a small amount of T₁ The relation to other Mn_1?tT_tAs (T = V, Cr, Fe and Co) phases reveals that T₁ substituted MnAs behaves as a ‘negative’ pressure system The first-order ferro- to paramagnetic transition in Mn_1?tTi_tAs becomes continuous at t≈ 0 10, and T_c falls to zero at t ≈ 0 65 The T_cvs tdependence is discussed in terms of a magnetostrictive model where the dilution imposed by the non-magnetic T_i atoms plays a major role The dilution suppresses the range of the first-order transition The significance of the anisotropy of the elastic properties and the exchange interactions is examined.