Microwve inducdd catalytic decomposition of some alberta oil sands and bitumens

The processing of oil sands materials and upgrading of bitumens present a variety of problems for conventional technologies. This article describes a preliminary study of the concept of using microwave induced catalytic techniques to decompose the complex and viscous hydrocarbon compounds contained in these materials to allow efficient extraction of volatile and economically useful organic products such as C₂ and C₃ hydrocarbons. Addition of water to the tar sand material prior to reaction facilitated separation from the sand component as well as promoting the formation of economically very useful, liquid, oxygenated hydrocarbon products.     

New fir laser lines and frequency measurements from optically pumped13CD3OH3

We report the discovery of 57 new fir laser lines from¹³CD₃OH molecule optically pumped by a waveguide CO₂ laser of 300 MHz tunability. For all lines, precise frequency offset measurements between the CO₂ line center and the center of the absorbing¹³CD₃OH line were performed using the transferred Lamb-Dip technique. We have also measured directly the frequency of seven FIR laser lines by heterodyning with already known laser lines. We present a complete list of all known laser lines (134) and frequency measurements (24) for this molecule.Work supported by CNPq, FAPESP, FAEP-Brasil, and CNR-Italia     

SRB States and Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics Close to Equilibrium

Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics close to equilibrium is studied using SRB states and a formula [10] for their derivatives with respect to parameters. We write general expressions for the thermodynamic fluxes (or currents) and the transport coefficients, generalizing the results of [4, 5]. In this framework we give a general proof of the Onsager reciprocity relations. Received: 2 December 1996 / Accepted: 13 March 1997     

Effect of Finite Spectral Width on the Modulational Instability of Langmuir Waves described by a Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

By using the two-point space correlation function an equation for the power spectral density for a random Langmuir field has been derived. The dispersion relation for a monochromatic wave is regained for a delta spectrum. For a Gaussian spectrum, the maximum growth rate is less than that for a monochromatic wave. For a “meander spectrum”, the growth rate is increased with the width of the spectrum in the first stage then decreased for further increase of the width.     

The combined effects of evaporation and quench steps on asymmetric membrane formation by phase inversion

An analysis of the effects of combined evaporation and quench periods on the formation of asymmetric membranes by the phase inversion technique is presented. The model for the evaporation period assumes binary diffusion and includes composition dependence in the mutual diffusion coefficient and free convection mass transfer in the gas phase. The quench period model includes the use of 4 composition-dependent diffusion coefficients and incorporates a modified from of the interface jump mass balance which enables efficient numerical analysis of composition gradients in the film at the beginning of the quench period. Results for the effects of evaporation-period variable, including: evaporation time, initial cast film thickness, casting surface dimension, and vapor-phase composition, clearly indicate that significant effects of the evaporation period on membrane structure formation and its reproducibility occur within 20 seconds.     

Systematic Errors Associated with the CPMG Pulse Sequence and Their Effect on Motional Analysis of Biomolecules

A theoretical approach to calculate the time evolution of magnetization during a CPMG pulse sequence of arbitrary parameter settings is developed and verified by experiment. The analysis reveals that off-resonance effects can cause systematic reductions in measured peak amplitudes that commonly lie in the range 5–25%, reaching 50% in unfavorable circumstances. These errors, which are finely dependent upon frequency offset and CPMG parameter settings, are subsequently transferred into erroneousT₂values obtained by curve fitting, where they are reduced or amplified depending upon the magnitude of the relaxation time. Subsequent transfer to Lipari–Szabo model analysis can produce significant errors in derived motional parameters, with τ_einternal correlation times being affected somewhat more thanS²order parameters. A hazard of this off-resonance phenomenon is its oscillatory nature, so that strongly affected and unaffected signals can be found at various frequencies within a CPMG spectrum. Methods for the reduction of the systematic error are discussed. Relaxation studies on biomolecules, especially at high field strengths, should take account of potential off-resonance contributions.     

Gamma-rays from Mössbauer sources: a low-dose approach to cancer therapy

Summary A new approach to cancer treatment using low-energy gamma-rays is discussed. Cultures of bone marrow mononuclear cells collected from normal donors and patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia have been studied after the addition of hematin, at different concentrations, and irradiation by a M?ssbauer gamma-ray source. Growth stimulation has been observed when hematin is added to normal bone marrow cultures, while growth inhibition is observed when hematin is added to leukaemic cultures. The effect becomes then more pronounced when hematin is used in combination with M?ssbauer gamma-rays.     

Deciding Frattini is NP-complete

We show that it is a NP-complete problem to decide whether a finite poset arises as the (Birkhoff) dual of the Frattini sublattice of some finite distributive lattice.This work was supported in part by Swiss NSF grant 20-32644.91.