Methane Activation On Oxyhalogenated Rare-Earth Systems : Effect Of Pr3+ Substitution In Laocl Host Structure On Co2 FORMATION

Catalytic activity of LnOX (Ln = Sm, La or Nd; X = Cl or Br) and Ln_1-xLm_xOX (Ln = La and Lm = Pr, 0 x 1) catalysts has been studied using a continuous flow reactor system. Methane oxidation using LnOX results in an increase of CO₂ selectivity in the order Nd > La > Pr > Sm, while using Ln_1-xLm_xOX systems CO₂ selectivity is enhanced by increasing partial lanthanum substitution with praseodymium. A decrease in CO and C₂ hydrocarbons selectivities is also observed at isoconversion. The different compounds structures studied do not change with time under reaction conditions within the temperature range at which the catalysts are stable.     

Intact and fragmented triosmium clusters on MgO: characterization by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

Oxidative fragmentation of the clusters Os(3)(CO)(12) adsorbed on MgO powder was investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Exposure of the clusters to air leads to their fragmentation, oxidation of the osmium, and formation of ensembles consisting of three Os atoms. X-ray absorption near-edge spectra demonstrate the oxidative nature of the fragmentation process. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra indicate an average Os-Os distance of 3.33 Angstrom and an Os-Os coordination number of 2, consistent with the formation of ensembles of three Os atoms on the support. STEM images confirm the presence of such trinuclear ensembles, and the diameters of the observed scattering centers (6.0 Angstrom) match that indicated by the EXAFS results.     

Inclusion complexes of PBN-type nitrone spin traps and their superoxide spin adducts with cyclodextrin derivatives: parallel determination of the association constants by NMR titrations and 2D-EPR simulations

(1)H NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) titrations were used to determine the association constants of the complexes of alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) analogues and their superoxide spin adducts, respectively, with methylated beta-cyclodextrins. A 1:1 stoichiometry for the nitrones with randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin and 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries for the corresponding cyclodextrin-nitroxide complexes were observed. After the superoxide radical spin trapping reaction, EPR titrations afforded the association constants of the corresponding cyclodextrin-nitroxide complexes. Two-dimensional EPR simulations indicated a bimodal inclusion of the nitroxide free radical spin adducts into the cyclodextrins. For all the nitrone-cyclodextrin and nitroxide-cyclodextrin complexes, the association constants were always higher for the nitroxide complexes than for the nitrone complexes. A cooperative system concerning the complexation of the nitroxide spin adduct with a cyclodextrin was evidenced by EPR titrations. The efficiency of the cyclodextrin inclusion technique to trap superoxide and to resist bioreduction by sodium l-ascorbate was also investigated.     

Thermal decomposition of Y,La and light lanthanide complexes of hippuric acid

The conditions of thermal decomposition of the hippurates of Y, La and the light lanthanides from Ce(III) to Gd have been studied. When heated, the Y, Ce(III), Pr and Gd complexes decomposed in two stages, those of La, Sm and Eu in three stages, and that of Nd in four stages, the oxides finally being formed. The complexes lost crystallization water to form anhydrous (Nd) or hydrated salts, and then decomposed to oxides directly (Y, Ce(III), Pr(III) and Gd) or with intermediate formation of Ln₂O₂CO₃ (La, Nd, Sm and Eu). The temperature of oxide formation varied periodically with the ionic potential in the lanthanide series.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bedingungen der thermischen Zersetzung der Hippurate von Y, La und der leichten Lanthanide von Ce(III) bis Gd wurden untersucht. Beim Aufheizen zersetzen sich die Komplexe von Y, Ce(III), Pr und Gd in zwei Schritten, die von Sm und Eu in drei Schritten und der von Nd in vier Schritten zu den Oxiden. Die Komplexe verlieren Kristallwasser unter Bildung wasserfreier (Nd) oder hydratisierter Salze und zersetzen sich dann direkt (Y, Ce(III), Pr(III), Gd) oder über Ln₂O₂CO₃ (Ln, Nd, Sm, Eu) zu den Oxiden. Die Temperatur der Oxidbildung verändert sich periodisch mit abnehmenden Ionenpotential in der Lanthanidenreihe.

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Thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanism of the stepwise dissociation and formation of Tris(L-lysinehydroxamato)iron(III) in aqueous acid

pK(a) values for the hydroxamic acid, alpha-NH(3)(+), and epsilon-NH(3)(+) groups of L-lysinehydroxamic acid (LyHA, H(3)L(2+)) were found to be 6.87, 8.89, and 10.76, respectively, in aqueous solution (I = 0.1 M, NaClO(4)) at 25 degrees C. O,O coordination to Fe(III) by LyHA is supported by H(+) stoichiometry, UV-vis spectral shifts, and a shift in nu(CO) from 1648 to 1592 cm(-1) upon formation of mono(L-lysinehydroxamato)tetra(aquo)iron(III) (Fe(H(2)L)(H(2)O)(4)(4+)). The stepwise formation of tris(L-lysinehydroxamato)iron(III) from Fe(H(2)O)(6)(3+) and H(3)L(2+) was characterized by spectrophotometric titration, and the values for log beta(1), log beta(2), and log beta(3) are 6.80(9), 12.4(2), and 16.1(2), respectively, at 25 degrees C and I = 2.0 M (NaClO(4)). Stopped-flow spectrophotometry was used to study the proton-driven stepwise ligand dissociation kinetics of tris(L-lysinehydroxamato)iron(III) at 25 degrees C and I = 2.0 M (HClO(4)/NaClO(4)). Defining k(n) and k(-n) as the stepwise ligand dissociation and association rate constants and n as the number of bound LyHA ligands, k(3), k(-3), k(2), k(-2), k(1), and k(-1) are 3.0 x 10(4), 2.4 x 10(1), 3.9 x 10(2), 1.9 x 10(1), 1.4 x 10(-1), and 1.2 x 10(-1) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. These rate and equilibrium constants are compared with corresponding constants for Fe(III) complexes of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) and N-methylacetohydroxamic acid (NMAHA) in the form of a linear free energy relationship. The role of electrostatics in these complexation reactions to form the highly charged Fe(LyHA)(3)(6+) species is discussed, and an interchange mechanism mediated by charge repulsion is presented. The reduction potential for tris(L-lysinehydroxamato)iron(III) is -214 mV (vs. NHE), and a comparison to other hydroxamic acid complexes of Fe(III) is made through a correlation between E(1/2) and pFe.     

Rheology of polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) in-reactor alloy

The interfacial adhesion and molecular structure of an in-reactor polypropylene/ethylene propylene rubber alloy were studied with respect to the rheological behavior and final properties of the alloy. The polymer alloys have similar structural parameters but different impact properties. The samples were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, thermal analysis, rheological analysis and mechanical testing. Fractionation of samples showed that the quantities of components are the same. Gel permeation chromatography results showed that molecular weight distribution of all components were similar. Thermal analysis results showed that the crystal size of two samples was the same but the crystal contents were different. In studying the impact strength, it was revealed that a large difference exists between the two samples. The small amplitude oscillation rheometry indicates that the rheological parameters have a glaring difference in both samples that can be an evidence of interfacial adhesion in the in-reactor alloys having so many similar structural parameters.     

Synthesis of antiproliferative Cephalotaxus esters and their evaluation against several human hematopoietic and solid tumor cell lines: uncovering differential susceptibilities to multidrug resistance

Deoxyharringtonine (2), homoharringtonine (3), homodeoxyharringtonine (4), and anhydroharringtonine (5) are reported to be among the most potent members of the antileukemia alkaloids isolated from the Cephalotaxus genus. Convergent syntheses of these four natural products are described, each involving novel synthetic methods and strategies. These syntheses enabled evaluation of several advanced natural and non-natural compounds against an array of human hematopoietic and solid tumor cells. Potent cytotoxicity was observed in several cell lines previously not challenged with these alkaloids. Variations in the structure of the ester chain within this family of alkaloids confer differing activity profiles against vincristine-resistant HL-60/RV+, signalling new avenues for molecular design of these natural products to combat multi-drug resistance.