基于共轭梯度法的调强放疗射束强度分布优化

针对逆向调强放疗中强度分布优化涉及的参数多, 且临床上对其优化速度要求高的特点, 将医生期望的靶区剂量和周围正常组织剂量限制转化为二次函数形式的目标函数, 然后利用共轭梯度法对该目标函数进行优化。 最后采用一例C形靶区紧密包围危及器官的模拟病例和一例临床常用的前列腺实例, 在PC机（CPU E7200@2.53GHz, 2.00GB内存, Windows XP）上对强度分布优化效果进行测试, 对模拟病例10 s便找到最优解; 而对前列腺病例20 s便可以找到最优解; 且两个测试病例优化所得强度分布对应的剂量分布均满足要求。 测试结果表明, 采用共轭梯度法优化强度分布具有快速和效果好的优点, 因此可以将其应用在精确放疗系统中。 The beam intensity map optimization of Intensity Modulated Radiation Treatment(IMRT) is a large scale optimization problem because of thousands of parameters involved. A fast and efficient approach was studied in the paper according to the clinical requirement for high speed and good results. Firstly, the clinical prescribed dose of Planning Target Volume(PTV) and dose volume constraints of Normal Tissue and Organ at Risk(OAR) were transformed into a quadratic objective function. And then Conjugate Gradient(CG) was adopted to optimize the objective function. At last, a simulated case and a clinical case were used to test the approach. The results showed that the optimization process need 40 s while satisfied results could be obtained in 10 s for simulated case and the optimization process need 1 min and 20 s while optimized results could be obtained in 20 s for the clinical prostate case. So it can be found that the approach of proposed in this paper is valid and efficient, and can be used to the accurate radiation therapy system.     

HL-2M 装置主机安装工艺分析与研究

在 HL-2M 装置主机安装工艺方案制定和项目建设过程中采用 CAD&CAE 设计工艺分析方法,根据 各系统功能需求和安装进度需求,多次优化了主机安装工艺方案,对各系统之间的位置关系进行检查并对安装方 案进行了计算机辅助模拟,最终形成了完善的具有可实施性的安装工艺技术方案。对安装工艺方案进行了全面分 析与研究,总结论述了基准网的构建和关键部件的测量、绝缘与垫层工艺方案,装置核心区域磁导率控制等问题, 对未来聚变堆的建设与发展提供了有价值的设计和工艺参考。     

HL-2M 初始放电位形及波形设计

利用 EFIT 设计了可用于 HL-2M 初始放电的圆截面限制器位形以及偏滤器位形;设计了满足放电击 穿条件要求(零场区域平均杂散磁场应不超过 20G)的零场位形。综合分析放电过程伏秒数消耗及真空室涡流的影 响,使用 PF8 线圈电流补偿真空室涡流产生的杂散磁场,设计了等离子体电流 200kA 的限制器位形及偏滤器位形 的自洽的放电波形。将该放电波形作为放电调试的参考波形,成功实现了限制器位形的初始放电实验。      

The swiss light source: The SLS team

The British Association (BA) Festival of Science is a special opportunity for any member of the public interested in science to meet together with scientists and discuss as well as review science and its achievements. One such opportunity arose when the turn of the northwest of England came to host the Annual BA Festival of Science at the University of Liverpool in September 2008. A session of synchrotron radiation science reviewing the contributions of the SRS as well as a look to the future was held. A review of accelerator science was given by Mike Poole, Director of ASTeC at STFC. John Helliwell, Professor of Structural Chemistry at Manchester University, reviewed biology and medicine; Bob Cernik, Professor of Materials Science at Manchester University, reviewed materials science; and Tracy Turner, of the Photon Science Department of STFC, reviewed future light sources.     

Wendelstein 7‐X: An Alternative Route to a Fusion Reactor

With the ITER tokamak magnetic confinement fusion is making the decisive step to realize a burning fusion plasma and prepare the basis for a demonstration power plant (DEMO). Despite the advantages of an intrinsically steady state magnetic field and better stability properties, the development of stellarators lags behind by about 1 1/2 device generations, because of the difficulties to realize the desired magnetic field configuration. The goal of the optimized stellarator Wendelstein 7‐X is to overcome the principal deficiencies of the stellarator concept and demonstrate its reactor capability, combining sufficiently good thermal and fast ion confinement with reactor relevant ß and collisionality under steady state conditions. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Suppression of runaway electrons by resonant magnetic perturbations in TEXTOR disruptions

The generation of runaway electrons in the international fusion experiment ITER disruptions can lead to severe damage at plasma facing components. Massive gas injection might inhibit the generation process, but the amount of gas needed can affect, e.g., vacuum systems. Alternatively, magnetic perturbations can suppress runaway generation by increasing the loss rate. In TEXTOR disruptions runaway losses were enhanced by the application of resonant magnetic perturbations with toroidal mode number n=1 and n=2. The disruptions are initiated by fast injection of about 3x10{21} argon atoms, which leads to a reliable generation of runaway electrons. At sufficiently high perturbation levels a reduction of the runaway current, a shortening of the current plateau, and the suppression of high energetic runaways are observed. These findings indicate the suppression of the runaway avalanche during disruptions.     

Experimental characteristics of a lower hybrid wave multi-junction coupler in the HT-7 tokamak

A phase-controlled lower hybrid wave (LHW) multi-junction (MJ) coupler (3(rows)×(columns)× (subwaveguides)) has been developed in the HT-7 tokamak. Simulations show that it is more effective for driving plasma current than an ordinary phase-controlled LHW antenna (3(rows)×12(columns)) (traditional coupler). The plasma--wave coupling experiments show that the reflection coefficient (RC) is below 10%, implying that the MJ grill can launch the wave into the plasma effectively. The effect of power spectrum launched by the MJ coupler on RC indicates that an optimal condition is requisite for a better coupling in the lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) experiments. Studies indicate that the drive efficiency of the MJ antenna is higher than that of the traditional one, which is mainly ascribed to the discrepancy in impurity concentration, plasma temperature, and spectrum directivity. An improved confinement with an electron internal transport barrier is obtained by LHCD. The analysis shows that the modified negative (low) magnetic shear and the change of radial electric field profile due to LHCD are possible factors responsible for the eITB formation.     

HL-2M 装置电子回旋共振加热及电流驱动系统设计与研制进展

根据 HL-2M 装置物理实验加热的需求,完成了总功率为 8MW 的电子回旋共振加热及电流驱动 (ECRH/ECCD)系统设计,开展了波源、传输及天线等关键部件研制。8MW ECRH/ECCD 系统,由 8 套 105GHz/  1MW/3s 波源系统、8 条内径为 63.5mm 的真空传输线及三套极向实时可控的发射天线构成。目前,已完成 ECRH/ECCD 系统关键部件研制及其相关的桌面与高功率性能测试。测试结果表明,微波源回旋管输出微波功率 达到1MW/3s,在真空度为 10^‒2Pa 的过模波纹圆波导传输线中能低耗稳定传输,发射天线极向全量程角度转动响 应时间在 50ms 以内。      

Measurements of intrinsic ion Bernstein waves in a tokamak by collective Thomson scattering

In this Letter we report measurements of collective Thomson scattering (CTS) spectra with clear signatures of ion Bernstein waves and ion cyclotron motion in tokamak plasmas. The measured spectra are in accordance with theoretical predictions and show clear sensitivity to variation in the density ratio of the main ion species in the plasma. Measurements with this novel diagnostic demonstrate that CTS can be used as a fuel ion ratio diagnostic in burning fusion plasma devices.     

EAST中性束注入控制系统设计

中性束注入（NBI）是磁约束核聚变装置等离子体加热和电流驱动的重要手段。依据东方超环（EAST）NBI实验运行特点,设计了基于网络通讯的集散式控制系统。NBI控制系统采用计算机网络技术,按照控制层次分为远程监控层、服务器控制层和现场控制层,三层控制结构易于系统功能扩展与设备升级。一条束线的两个离子源可以独立运行控制,这为EAST第二条束线控制扩展奠定基础。实验表明,NBI控制系统具备了远程监控、连锁保护和数据处理功能,满足了NBI实验运行的自动化和可视化的需求。