Ductile-to-ductile transition in dispersely filled composites based on thermoplastic polymers

The fracture mechanism for rubber-filled composites based on gutta-percha, LDPE, medium-density PE, and rubber particles has been studied. An increase in the concentration of filler particles leads to a change in the stress-strain behavior of the composites from neck propagation to homogeneous plastic deformation. For the filled composites, the criterion for the ductile-to-ductile transition is the equality of yield and draw stresses. The critical concentration of rubber particles at the ductile-to-ductile transition is controlled by the ratio between the yield stress of matrix polymer and the neck propagation stress. Transition from neck propagation to homogeneous plastic flow of the material is accomplished under two conditions: the breaking strength of the polymer matrix should be higher than the yield stress, and stretching of the composite should not be accompanied by the formation of diamond cracks. The latter condition is fulfilled when the dimensions of rubber particles are below a certain critical value, which is determined by the ductility of the matrix.     

Reactivity of Cage-Like Amines toward p-Toluenesulfonyl Chloride and Diphenyl Chlorophosphate in Acetonitrile

The nucleophilic reactivity of amines of the norbornane, norbornene, and adamantane series toward ptoluenesulfonyl chloride and diphenyl chlorophosphate in acetonitrile at 25°C is determined mainly by the steric factor. Parameters characterizing spatial accessibility of the reaction center in the amine molecule have been determined. Cage-like substituents show no appreciable effect on the amine reactivity, as compared to common alkyl groups.     

Chemiluminescent determination of reactive hydrocarbons

Summary Chemiluminescent reactions of ozone with several classes of compounds at different temperatures are described. In a reaction chamber in front of a photomultiplier ozone is mixed with the compounds studied such as alkanes, olefins, alcohols, aromatics, C₂H₂, NO, vinyl chloride or H₂S. The chemiluminescent emission is proportional to the concentration of the compound involved. At room temperature only olefinic hydrocarbons respond but at temperatures above 150°C also a response for alkanes, alcohols, CO etc. is obtained. It is suggested that next to the ozonide-excited formaldehyde mechanism the CO-CO ₂ ^* mechanism is responsible for the chemiluminescent emission at high temperature. A detection limit of a few ppb is achieved. Possible applications are a selective gas-chromatographic detector, an air pollution monitor for instance for CO, and a photochemical reactivity monitor.

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Bestimmung reaktiver Kohlenwasserstoffe durch Chemiluminescenz

Zusammenfassung Chemiluminescenzreaktionen von Ozon mit verschiedenen Verbindungsgruppen (hauptsächlich Kohlenwasserstoffe) bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen werden beschrieben. In einer Reaktionskammer werden die Verbindungen vor einem Photomultiplier mit Ozon vermischt. Es handelt sich u. a. um folgende Verbindungstypen: Alkane, Olefine, Alkohole, Aromaten, C₂H₂, NO, Vinylchlorid, H₂S. Die Emissionsintensität ist proportional der Konzentration. Bei Raumtemperatur sprechen nur Olefine an, die übrigen Verbindungen erst über 150°C. Die Emission bei höherer Temperatur wird neben der Bildung von Formaldehyd auf die Reaktion CO-CO ₂ ^* zurückgeführt. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt wenige ppb. Als mögliche Anwendungsgebiete werden ein selektiver GC-Detektor, ein Monitor für Luftverunreinigungen (z.B. für CO) sowie ein Monitor zur Messung photochemischer Reaktivität der Luft genannt.

Presented at the 6th Annual Symposium on Recent Advances in the Analytical Chemistry of Pollutants, April 21–23, 1976; Vienna, Austria.     

Reaction of dimethylamines with epimeric (at the 2 and 4 positions) trans-2-methyl- and trans-1,2-dimethyl-4-vinylethynyldecahydro-4-quinolols

A mixture of the corresponding 4-(4-dimethylamino-1,2-butadienyl)- and 4-(4-dimethylamino-1-butynyl)decahydro-4-quinolols, with predominance of the allene components, is formed from each vinylacetylenic alcohol as a result of the addition of diethylamine to epimeric (at the 2 and 4 positions) trans-2-methyl- and trans-1,2-dimethyl-4-vinylethynyldecahydro-4-quinolols. On the basis of the PMR spectra and data on the stabilities of allenic and acetylenic diamino alcohols under the conditions of their formation, it was concluded that the addition of dimethylamine to 4-vinylethynyldecahydro-4-quinolols proceeds simultaneously via two pathways — at the 1,4 and 3,4 positions of the vinylethynyl substituent.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 940–945, July, 1976.The authors thank A. S. Fridman and T. E. Prokof'ev for their participation in the discussion of the PMR spectra.     

The role of triplet states in dye sensitization of ZnO electrodes

The quantum efficiency of photooxidation of a number of xanthene dyes at ZnO single crystal electrodes has been found to depend on the solution concentration of a triplet quenching agent, FeCN^4?₆, providing evidence for triplet state participation in the oxidation reaction.     

Über Pterinchemie. 49. Mitteilung. Eine neue Synthese von 5-Formyl-6, 7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin und 5,6,7-Trimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin

Starting with 5-formyl-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterine (II), a new synthesis of 5,6,7-trimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterine (III) is described. Thereby the chemical behaviour of the 5-formyl group in II is investigated, in order to enable the unequivocal differentiation between formylation at position 5 and at position 10 in folic and tetrahydrofolic acid derivatives. ¹³C-NMR. spectra of II and III are discussed.     

Free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in presence of the Cr(C5H7O2)3–Al(i-C4H9)3 catalyst system

Polymerization of methyl methacrylate has been studied with the chromium acetylacetonate–triisobutyl aluminum catalyst system in benzene medium at 40°C. These studies have been carried out at an Al/Cr ratio of 12 to compare the behavior with the previously studied chromium acetyl acetonate–triethyl aluminum catalyst system. The enhanced yield and gelling of polymer suggests a free-radical mechanism of polymerization. Further, the kinetics of polymerization and the heterotactic structure of polymer as determined by NMR examination have led to confirmation of the freeradical mechanism of polymerization of methyl methacrylate by an excess of triisobutylaluminum in the presence of catalyst complex.     

Structural transformations during the gas chromatography of carbamates

Summary There is no apparent paucity of examples illustrative of the structural changes observed during the gas chromatography of diverse carbamates and thiocarbamates. In many cases the resultat thermal degradation products observed are analogous in some measure to the three possible modes of decomposition reported in nonchromatographic thermal studies for N-phenyl carbamates [4, 35, 36], e.g., Dyer andWright [35] have shown that when R is a primary or secondary alkyl group, all three modes of decomposition can occur when the reaction is carried out in the absence of solvents. If the amine and isocyanate products are allowed to remain in the formation mixture, diphenyl urea is also formed, viz., As has been shown, the thermal and hydrolytic stabilities of carbamates exhibit a marked dependence upon the degree and type of N-substitution. Disubstituted carbamates are quite resistant to thermal decomposition (as well as hydrolysis). Monosubstituted carbamates readily undergo thermal decomposition at elevated temperatures to yield primarily the respective isocyanate while unsubstituted carbamates have been reported to decompose to allophanates, cyanuric acid, and alcohol [37]. The thermal decomposition of unsubstituted carbamates is accelerated appreciably in the presence of eventrace amounts of metal salts, giving rise to the formation of cyamelide. The degradative scheme for the diol dicarbamates (as typified by the medicinal carbamates, meprobamate and soma) is more difficult to interpret.Paquin [38] reported that the pyrolysis of the dicarbamate of 1,3-butylene glycol (I), yielded an oxazolidone (II) and a cyclic urea (III) as follows: The further degradation of compounds II and III under pyrolytic conditions remains a distinct possibility.

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Strukturumwandlungen w?hrend der Gas-Chromatographie von Carbamaten

Zusammenfassung Es besteht offenbar kein Mangel an Beispielen für Strukturumwandlungen w?hrend der Gas-Chromatographie verschiedener Carbamate und Thiocarbamate. In vielen F?llen entsprechen die beobachteten resultierenden thermischen Abbauprodukte in gewissem Ma?e den drei m?glichen Abbauformen, über die in nichtchromatographischen thermischen Untersuchungen von N-Phenylcarbamaten berichtet wird [4, 35, 36], z.B. Dyer Wright [35] haben gezeigt, da?, wenn R eine prim?re oder sekund?re Alkylgruppe ist, alle drei Abbauformen vorkommen k?nnen, wenn die Reaktion in Abwesenheit von L?sungsmitteln stattfindet. Wenn die Amin- und Isocyanat-Produkte in der Mischung belassen werden, bildet sich auch Diphenylharnstoff, n?mlich: Wie gezeigt wurde, besitzt die thermische und hydrolytische Stabilit?t von Carbamaten eine starke Abh?ngigkeit von Grad und Art der N-Substitution. Disubstituierte Carbamate sind ziemlich resistent gegen therm?sche Zersetzung (wie auch gegen Hydrolyse). Monosubstitutierte Carbamate lassen sich bei h?heren Temperaturen leicht thermisch zersetzen, wobei haupts?chlich das entsprechende Isocyanat entsteht, w?hrend sich unsubstituierte Carbamate nach [37] in Allophanate, Cyanurs?ure und Alkohol zersetzen. Der thermische Abbau unsubstituierter Carbamate wird durch Anwesenheit selbst geringer Spuren von Metallsalzen nennenswert beschleunigt, wobei Cyamelid entsteht. Das Abbauschema für die Diol-Dicarbamate (typische Beispiele: medizinische Carbamate, Meprobamat und Soma) ist schwieriger zu interpretieren.Paquin [38] berichtet, da? bei der Pyrolyse des Dicarbamats von 1,3-Butylenglycol (I) ein Oxazolidon (II) und ein cyclischer Harnstoff (III) in der folgenden Weise entstanden: Der weitere Abbau der Verbindungen II und III unter Pyrolysebedingungen ist nicht auszuschlie?en.

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Transformations de structure pendant la chromatographie en phase gazeuse de carbamates

Sommaire On ne manque pas d'exemples qui illustrent les transformations de structure observées pendant la chromatographie en phase gazeuse de divers carbamates et thiocarbamates. Souvent les produits de dégradation thermiques obtenus sont analogues, dans une certaine mesure, a ceux formés par décomposition thermique selon un des schémas probable signalé ci-après, procédés qui furent decrits pour des carbamates N-phényliques [4, 35, 36] dans des études de stabilité thermique non-chromatographiques, par exemple: Dyer etWright [35] ont démontré, si R est un groupe alkyle primaire ou secondaire, les trois modes de décomposition peuvent avoir lieu si la réaction se produit en l'absence de solvants. Si les amines et les isocyanates sont laissés dans le mélange, il y a aussi formation de diphénylurée, c'est-à-dire Il a été montré que la stabilité thermique et hydrolytique de carbamates dépend fortement du degré et type de la N-substitution. Des carbamates disubstitués sont assez résistants à la décomposition thermique (ainsi qu'à l'hydrolyse). Les carbamates monosubstitutés sont facilement sujets à la décomposition thermique à des températures élevées, produisant surtout l'isocyanate correspondant, tandis que, selon la littérature, des carbamates non-substitués sont décomposés en formant des allophanates, acide cyanurique, et alcool [37]. La décomposition thermique de carbamates non-substitués est accélérée sensiblement par la présence de sels métalliques, même à l'état de trace, provoquant la formation de cyamélide. Le schéma de dégradation des diol-dicarbamates (exemples typiques: carbamates médicinaux, méprobamate, soma) est plus difficile à interpréter.Paquin [38] a trouvé que la pyrolyse du dicarbamate de 1,3-butylène glycol (I) produit un oxazolidone (II) et une urée cyclique (III) d'après le schéma suivant: La dégradation ultérieure des composés II et III sous des conditions pyrolytiques n'est pas à exclure.